QUOTE from President Chester Arthur while speaking to a temperance reformer: "Madam, I may be President of the United States, but my private life is nobody's damn business."
Chester Arthur became president in 1881 when Garfield was assassinated after only three months in office. He was a pretty decent president but not good enough for some of the Republican kingmakers in his party.
The CANDIDATES in 1884.
REPUBLICAN: JAMES G. BLAINE.
James Blaine really wanted to be president. He finally got his turn in 1884. This eloguent Maine-born former Speaker of the House, senator, and secretary of state under Garfield inspired deliriums of passion in his rabid supporters - they were known as "Blainiacs." They dubbed him the "Plumed Knight" for his courage and integrity, but many in the know thought that he was on the take. It was a bad sign that the man he picked for his VP was Illinois Senator John Logan, who was suspected of corruption and known as "Black Jack."
DEMOCRAT: GROVER CLEVELAND.
Grover Cleveland was the former assistant district attorney and sheriff in Erie County, mayor of Buffalo and governor of New York. He had proved himself to be a tough crime fighter, prosecuting corruption unmercifully. He targeted politicians from both parties and consistently vetoed bills as both mayor and governor that favored politicians or the undeserving. He got the reputation for being honest - so honest that he was known as "ugly honest." For his VP he chose Hoosier Thomas Hendricks, Tilden's running mate in 1876, this move helped Indiana go for Cleveland in November.
The CAMPAIGN in 1884.
The campaign was ugly and nasty. At the Republican convention in June of 1884 the chaplain prayed that "the coming political campaign be conducted with the decency, intelligence, patriotism and dignity of temper which becomes a free and intelligent people." This was a total JOKE.
Several leading Republicans bolted from the Republican Party, including Mark Twain and the Reverend Henry Ward Beecher. They were called Mugwumps by their enemies. The mugwumps reviled Blaine for curruption and for being under the thumb of Republican bosses. Blaine's dealings with the railroads (who pushed as much money into Washington as Wall street and defense contractors do today) were particular suspect. The Democrats discovered a letter that Blaine had written to a Boston railroad attorney. In the letter it looked like Blaine had been complicit in some shady business dealings. It didn't help that he signed off by saying "Burn this letter." The Democrats jumped on this by saying, "Burn this letter! Burn this letter!" and "Blaine, Blaine. James G. Blaine, the Continental liar from the state of Maine."
The Republicans had their own juicy comeback when it was published in the Buffalo Evening Telegraph newspaper that Grover Cleveland (a bachelor) had fathered a child with a 36 year old widow in 1874, ten years before the election. The Republicans went wild over this revelation by proclaiming, "The issue is evidently not between two great parties, but between the brothel and the family...between lust and law." and "We do not believe that the American people will knowingly elect to the Presidency a coarse debaucher who will bring his harlots with him to Washington." They called Cleveland a "lecherous beast, a moral leper, and an obese nincompoop." (He weighed about 250 pounds.) The Republicans now had their own chant, "Ma! Ma! Where's my Pa?"
But Cleveland played it smart and defused the Republican slam. He was an honest man and acknowledged he was supporting the chid (a boy that was now ten years old and had been adopted) and refused to say anymore about it. (Cleveland said privately that he questioned whether he really was the father.) The widow, (the mother), refused to give any interviews, and Cleveland's honesty helpd him get through the storm. Most Americans then as now-were more forgiving of lechery than hypocrisy.
The WINNER was GROVER CLEVELAND and he became the 22nd president of the U.S.
Cleveland got 4,874,621 popular votes and 219 electoral.
Blaine got 4,848,936 popular and 182 electoral.
There are two main reasons Blaine lost the election. The first one happened in New York on October 29, 1884, a few days before the vote. Blaine was at a breakfast meeting when a Presbyterian minister gave a speech before Blaine gave his. The minister said the Democrats were a party of "rum, Romanism, and rebellion," essentially slurring them as Irish Catholic drunks. I guess Blaine wasn't listening and when he got up to talk he didn't denounce the words of the minister. A Democrat at the meeting wrote down the words of the minister and raced down to party headquarters. They immediately printed thousands of handbills describing Blaine as a "Catholic-hater." In a city of Irish Catholic working-class immigrants, it did not sit well.
The second thing happened on the same day at an evening dinner at Delmonicos, a very high class restaurant in New York City. In attendance were Republican tycoons Jay Gould, John Jacob Astor, and Cyrus W. Field. The next day the headlines read, "The Royal Feast of Blaine and the Money Kings."
These two things caused Blaine to lose New York by only 1,149 votes. Blaine later said, "Had it not been for 'an ass in the shape of a preacher' I would have won New York and become president of the U.S."
With Cleveland winning his supporters could now gleefully shout to the Republicans, "Ma! Ma! Where's my pa?" "Gone to the White House! Ha! Ha! Ha!"
Tuesday, December 27, 2011
Monday, December 26, 2011
ELECTION #24, 1880. The NASTY-METER is 3.
QUOTE from James Garfield on his deathbed: "He must have been crazy. None but an insane person could have done such a thing. What could he have wanted to shoot me for?"
Under Rutherford Hayes, America entered the very heart of what Mark Twain dubbed the Gilded Age. A huge economic expansion was led by robber barons (er, industrialists) - like Andrew Carnegie, John Rockefeller, John Jacob Aster, Jay Gould , and Cyprus W. Field. The rich got richer, the poor got poorer, and the disenfranchised were more disenfranchised.
In his four years as president Hayes had become unpopular with his own Republican Party. They were upset because he was hamstrung by the promises he'd made to the Democrats in order to steal the presidency in 1876. He'd withdrawn Union troops from the South, given important positions to Southern Democrats, and approved money for Southern pork barrels. So the Republican Party was split when they had their convention in Chicago in June, 1880. So Hayes decided not to run for reelction in 1880.
The CANDIDATES in 1880.
REPUBLICAN: JAMES A. GARFIELD.
By 1880 the Republican Party had split into two groups: One group was called the "Stalwarts"- they were the old-line Party members loyal to Ulysses S. Grant; the other group was the "Half-Breeds" - they were the moderates who wanted reform in the party and wanted nothing to do with four more years of the scandulous Grant and his crooked cronies. The Stalwarts put Grant's name on the floor to be nominated and the Half-Breeds put Maine Senator James G. Blaine's name on the floor. After a record-setting 36 ballots (still a record) nobody had won so James Garfield was put on the floor as a compromise candidate. Garfield had been a major general in the Civil War, member of the House and a Senator from Ohio. He won and Chester Arthur, a New York City party boss, was named his VP teammate. Garfield was low-key and likeable and was the last candidate to be born in a log cabin.
DEMOCRATS: WINFIELD SCOTT HANCOCK.
Hancock was a former Civil War hero and military governor. He was a good man and a big man. But he had never held public office or even dabbled in politics. His VP partner was William H. English. a banker from Indiana.
The CAMPAIGN in 1880.
As the U.S. was heading to the 20th century the country faced pressing issues: the need for child labor laws and an eight hour work day, the plight of blacks, the rights of women, and a graduated federal income tax. The platforms of both parties ignored these issues, instead they emphasized civil service reform, opposed aid to parochial schools, and called for curtailing Chinese immigration - "an evil of great magnitude," claimed the Republicans.
The Democrats tried, unsuccessfully, to tie Garfield to the scandals in the Grant administration. The Republicans said to have Hancock as president would be crazy. A Republican newspaper wrote that for the Democrats to nominate Hancock "no more changes the character of the Democrats than a figurehead of the Virgin Mary on Captain Kidd's pirate ship."
Both states realized they had to carry Indiana for the large number of electoral votes. So both parties resorted to "Soap" or "Soapy Sam" which were 1880s slang for cash passed out to voters to encourage them to vote for the right candidate. Soaping palms had been the custom in American elections for years, but money exchanged hands in an unprecedented fashion during the Garfield-Hancock contest. Being William English, the Democratic VP candidate, was from Indiana the Republicans were terrified that the state would go for Hancock. So they sprang into action. Garfield and VP candidate Chester Arthur urgently requested cash from their Wall Street connections, and a silver-tongued bagman named Stepehn Dorsey was sent to Indiana carrying, by some accounts, as much as $400,000 in two-dollar bills. Soapy Sam had come to the rescue.
The Democrats tried "Soapy Sam" also, but they didn't have Wall Street connections and were not nearly as successful. The Democrats biggest dirty trick consisted of sending in "repeaters" or "floaters" from outside Indiana to vote in different precincts.
Since 1860 the Republicans had controlled the U.S. government. In New York just about every state and civil-service worker owed their job to the Republican bosses. What was the going rate to keep their jobs? Well, in 1876 it had been 2% of annual salary. But VP candidate, Chester Arthur, a New York political boss, upped it 3%, delivering hundreds of thousands of dollars to the Republican treasure chest.
The WINNER was JAMES GARFIELD and became the 20th president of the U.S.
Garfield got 4,446,158 popular votes and 214 electoral votes.
Hancock got 4,444,260 popular and 155 electoral.
The race was close - only 10,000 votes separated them. In the end, Soapy Sam had carried Indiana for Republican James Garfield. Unfortunately, Garfield would be shot three months later (July 2nd) by a disgruntled office seeker. He was shot in the arm and back but neither killed him - his doctors killed him. While trying to extract the bullet his doctors turned a three-inch wound into a 20-inch wound, puncturing his liver. The wound became infected, and Garfield died on September 19, 1881. (He would easily have survived today.)
VP Chester Arthur then became our 21st president.
Under Rutherford Hayes, America entered the very heart of what Mark Twain dubbed the Gilded Age. A huge economic expansion was led by robber barons (er, industrialists) - like Andrew Carnegie, John Rockefeller, John Jacob Aster, Jay Gould , and Cyprus W. Field. The rich got richer, the poor got poorer, and the disenfranchised were more disenfranchised.
In his four years as president Hayes had become unpopular with his own Republican Party. They were upset because he was hamstrung by the promises he'd made to the Democrats in order to steal the presidency in 1876. He'd withdrawn Union troops from the South, given important positions to Southern Democrats, and approved money for Southern pork barrels. So the Republican Party was split when they had their convention in Chicago in June, 1880. So Hayes decided not to run for reelction in 1880.
The CANDIDATES in 1880.
REPUBLICAN: JAMES A. GARFIELD.
By 1880 the Republican Party had split into two groups: One group was called the "Stalwarts"- they were the old-line Party members loyal to Ulysses S. Grant; the other group was the "Half-Breeds" - they were the moderates who wanted reform in the party and wanted nothing to do with four more years of the scandulous Grant and his crooked cronies. The Stalwarts put Grant's name on the floor to be nominated and the Half-Breeds put Maine Senator James G. Blaine's name on the floor. After a record-setting 36 ballots (still a record) nobody had won so James Garfield was put on the floor as a compromise candidate. Garfield had been a major general in the Civil War, member of the House and a Senator from Ohio. He won and Chester Arthur, a New York City party boss, was named his VP teammate. Garfield was low-key and likeable and was the last candidate to be born in a log cabin.
DEMOCRATS: WINFIELD SCOTT HANCOCK.
Hancock was a former Civil War hero and military governor. He was a good man and a big man. But he had never held public office or even dabbled in politics. His VP partner was William H. English. a banker from Indiana.
The CAMPAIGN in 1880.
As the U.S. was heading to the 20th century the country faced pressing issues: the need for child labor laws and an eight hour work day, the plight of blacks, the rights of women, and a graduated federal income tax. The platforms of both parties ignored these issues, instead they emphasized civil service reform, opposed aid to parochial schools, and called for curtailing Chinese immigration - "an evil of great magnitude," claimed the Republicans.
The Democrats tried, unsuccessfully, to tie Garfield to the scandals in the Grant administration. The Republicans said to have Hancock as president would be crazy. A Republican newspaper wrote that for the Democrats to nominate Hancock "no more changes the character of the Democrats than a figurehead of the Virgin Mary on Captain Kidd's pirate ship."
Both states realized they had to carry Indiana for the large number of electoral votes. So both parties resorted to "Soap" or "Soapy Sam" which were 1880s slang for cash passed out to voters to encourage them to vote for the right candidate. Soaping palms had been the custom in American elections for years, but money exchanged hands in an unprecedented fashion during the Garfield-Hancock contest. Being William English, the Democratic VP candidate, was from Indiana the Republicans were terrified that the state would go for Hancock. So they sprang into action. Garfield and VP candidate Chester Arthur urgently requested cash from their Wall Street connections, and a silver-tongued bagman named Stepehn Dorsey was sent to Indiana carrying, by some accounts, as much as $400,000 in two-dollar bills. Soapy Sam had come to the rescue.
The Democrats tried "Soapy Sam" also, but they didn't have Wall Street connections and were not nearly as successful. The Democrats biggest dirty trick consisted of sending in "repeaters" or "floaters" from outside Indiana to vote in different precincts.
Since 1860 the Republicans had controlled the U.S. government. In New York just about every state and civil-service worker owed their job to the Republican bosses. What was the going rate to keep their jobs? Well, in 1876 it had been 2% of annual salary. But VP candidate, Chester Arthur, a New York political boss, upped it 3%, delivering hundreds of thousands of dollars to the Republican treasure chest.
The WINNER was JAMES GARFIELD and became the 20th president of the U.S.
Garfield got 4,446,158 popular votes and 214 electoral votes.
Hancock got 4,444,260 popular and 155 electoral.
The race was close - only 10,000 votes separated them. In the end, Soapy Sam had carried Indiana for Republican James Garfield. Unfortunately, Garfield would be shot three months later (July 2nd) by a disgruntled office seeker. He was shot in the arm and back but neither killed him - his doctors killed him. While trying to extract the bullet his doctors turned a three-inch wound into a 20-inch wound, puncturing his liver. The wound became infected, and Garfield died on September 19, 1881. (He would easily have survived today.)
VP Chester Arthur then became our 21st president.
Thursday, December 22, 2011
ELECTION #23. 1876. The NASTY-METER skyrockets to 10.
QUOTE from Robert G. Ingersoll, who was a writer on the staff of the 1876 Republican presidential candidate Rutherford B. Hayes: "Every man that tried to destroy this nation was a Democrat...The man that assassinated Lincoln was a Democrat...Soldiers, every scar you have on your bodies was given you by a Democrat."
In 1876 it was ironic that one of the nastiest and most brutal elections in 19th-century American history occurred. It is a further irony that both candidates, Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel J. Tilden, were so-called reform candidates whose goal was to wipe out corruption in government. This election changed America,and it was NOT for the better, over the next 90-100 years.
The CANDIDATES in 1876.
REPUBLICAN: RUTHERFORD B. HAYES.
Grant really wanted to run for a third term. But the scandals in his administration hung so heavily over him that the Republicans said, "no way." At the convention in Cincinnati they chose Hayes, the governor of Ohio. Hayes was a good guy, hard-working and sincere, a Civil War hero, the father of seven, prayed with his kids every morning and sang gospel hymns with them at night.
DEMOCRAT: SAMUEL J. TILDEN.
The Democrats were hungry for a winner so they chose Samuel Tilden, the governor of NY. Tilden had gained fame as a crusading Manhattan D.A., he had smashed New York City's Boss Tweed's powerful ring of corruption and sent him prison. After Grant's scandal-ridden administration they felt they had a good shot with Tilden. Tilden was super bright. But he was an icy, aloof bachelor whose penetrating intellect made many people uncomfortable, even his friends. His biggest disadvantage was he had taken no part in the Civil War.
The CAMPAIGN in 1876.
Tilden tried to change his image by hiring public relations experts to make him appear like a warm and loveable Samuel Tilden. He issued press releases accusing Hayes of being involved in some of Grant's scandals. They said he had stolen $400 from a Union deserter about to be executed. (He did take the money before the guy was shot but returned it to his family.) They accused Hayes of shooting and wounding his own mother "in a fit of insanity" after a night of drinking. (There was no proof that this was true and mother couldn't say yes or no as she died in 1866.)
The Hayes supporters did not sit idle. The Republicans had been in power for 16 years and most federal employees had been appointed by Republicans. Zachariah Chandler, the less than sober head of the Republican Party and Hayes campaign manager, knew how to raise money. He sent a fund-raising letter to every Republican appointee holding office and told them to donate 2% of their salary to the Hayes campaign - please remit promptly - at the close of the campaign we will post a list of those who have not paid in the hands of your department head. They said that Tilden, being a bachelor, had numerous affairs with women, some of them married. And they said he had also contracted syphilis some years earlier from an Irish whore, and the venereal disease affected his actions and made him susceptible to blackmail. (Tilden died in 1886 and there was no evidence of his having any STD.)
And both parties were guilty of more terrible tactics in the campaign. The Republicans-the party of the Great Emancipator. Abraham Lincoln - wanted freed blacks to vote and thus prodded many of them to the ballot boxes at gunpoint to vote for Hayes. Democrats in S. Carolina and elsewhere started violent race riots, in some cases shooting and killing blacks who attempted to exercise their right to vote. On both sides, men voted 10-20 times, and local party bosses stood by ballot boxes, tearing up any votes for the "wrong" candidate.
The real WINNER was SAMUEL J. TILDEN but RUTHERFORD B. HAYES became the 19th president of the U.S.
Tilden got 4,284,020 popular votes and 184 electoral.
Hayes got 4,036,572 popular and 185 electoral.
Tilden had almost 250,000 more popular votes but did not become president.
The 1876 election is the most tainted and controversial election in our history (the 2000 election between Bush and Gore is close). Tilden won the popular vote by nearly 250,000 votes and he appeared to have 203 electoral votes to Hayes's 166. Although all results showed Tilden had won, the Republican Party disputed the outcome. They claimed that blacks had been denied the right to vote in many parts of the South, especially in S. Carolina, Louisiana, and Florida. The election officials refused to accredit the Democratic electors in these 3 states. The officials instead had the 3 states give their electoral votes to Hayes - now the election was tied at 184 electoral votes for each.
Not surprisingly, chaos ensued in the capital. The Democrats controlled the House, and the Republicans controlled the Senate. The Republican Party knew that if the election went to the House, they would lose. So they recommended a bipartisan commission to study the election and certify the results. The commission was composed of 7 Democrats and 7 Republicans, with 5 from the House, 5 from the Senate and 5 from the Supreme Court. The 15th and tie-breaking member was another Supreme Court justice - his name was Justice David Davis, an Independent. However, in the middle of the deliberations he was appointed as a senator from Illinois and resigned. In his place another justice was appointed, the problem for the Democrats was that he was a Republican and not an Independent. With the commissions final vote tied at 7-7 the replacement voted with the Republicans and Hayes received all the disputed electoral votes and became the 19th president of the U.S.
The Democrats were furious at the shenanigans of the commission - some historians have said we were close to another Civil War. The Democrats refused to attend the inauguration - it was held in secret because the Republicans feared for Hayes's life - someone had already fired a shot through the window of Hayes's house.
But here is the real tragedy of this election -
IT SEALED THE FATE OF THE BLACKS FOR THE NEXT 90-100 YEARS. The Southern Democrats saw an opportunity to get something they wanted. What they wanted was to get the Union troops out of the South. They offered the Republicans a deal - we will not challenge the election results of the commission if you will do 3 things:
1. When Hayes got in office he would have to withdraw all Union troops.
2. Appoint one Southerner to his cabinet.
3. Appropriate money to rebuild the South.
And Hayes came through on all three.
The results of this deal are:
1. Reconstruction ended and Afrian-Americans were largely abandoned by the federal government until the 1960s.
2. The white-controlled Democratic Party went on to control Southern politics for the next century. They set about the process of segregating blacks from society and keeping them in their place through instilling fear (the KKK and lynchings) and denying them rights.
3. The civil rights of blacks was set back until the 1960s, including the right to vote, fair treatment in the judicial system, equality in education and economic prosperity and....
(My comment - Oh,it makes me sick on how political crookedness, prejudice, bigotry and the pursuit of power can screw up a country and the lives of its minority citizens.)
In 1876 it was ironic that one of the nastiest and most brutal elections in 19th-century American history occurred. It is a further irony that both candidates, Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel J. Tilden, were so-called reform candidates whose goal was to wipe out corruption in government. This election changed America,and it was NOT for the better, over the next 90-100 years.
The CANDIDATES in 1876.
REPUBLICAN: RUTHERFORD B. HAYES.
Grant really wanted to run for a third term. But the scandals in his administration hung so heavily over him that the Republicans said, "no way." At the convention in Cincinnati they chose Hayes, the governor of Ohio. Hayes was a good guy, hard-working and sincere, a Civil War hero, the father of seven, prayed with his kids every morning and sang gospel hymns with them at night.
DEMOCRAT: SAMUEL J. TILDEN.
The Democrats were hungry for a winner so they chose Samuel Tilden, the governor of NY. Tilden had gained fame as a crusading Manhattan D.A., he had smashed New York City's Boss Tweed's powerful ring of corruption and sent him prison. After Grant's scandal-ridden administration they felt they had a good shot with Tilden. Tilden was super bright. But he was an icy, aloof bachelor whose penetrating intellect made many people uncomfortable, even his friends. His biggest disadvantage was he had taken no part in the Civil War.
The CAMPAIGN in 1876.
Tilden tried to change his image by hiring public relations experts to make him appear like a warm and loveable Samuel Tilden. He issued press releases accusing Hayes of being involved in some of Grant's scandals. They said he had stolen $400 from a Union deserter about to be executed. (He did take the money before the guy was shot but returned it to his family.) They accused Hayes of shooting and wounding his own mother "in a fit of insanity" after a night of drinking. (There was no proof that this was true and mother couldn't say yes or no as she died in 1866.)
The Hayes supporters did not sit idle. The Republicans had been in power for 16 years and most federal employees had been appointed by Republicans. Zachariah Chandler, the less than sober head of the Republican Party and Hayes campaign manager, knew how to raise money. He sent a fund-raising letter to every Republican appointee holding office and told them to donate 2% of their salary to the Hayes campaign - please remit promptly - at the close of the campaign we will post a list of those who have not paid in the hands of your department head. They said that Tilden, being a bachelor, had numerous affairs with women, some of them married. And they said he had also contracted syphilis some years earlier from an Irish whore, and the venereal disease affected his actions and made him susceptible to blackmail. (Tilden died in 1886 and there was no evidence of his having any STD.)
And both parties were guilty of more terrible tactics in the campaign. The Republicans-the party of the Great Emancipator. Abraham Lincoln - wanted freed blacks to vote and thus prodded many of them to the ballot boxes at gunpoint to vote for Hayes. Democrats in S. Carolina and elsewhere started violent race riots, in some cases shooting and killing blacks who attempted to exercise their right to vote. On both sides, men voted 10-20 times, and local party bosses stood by ballot boxes, tearing up any votes for the "wrong" candidate.
The real WINNER was SAMUEL J. TILDEN but RUTHERFORD B. HAYES became the 19th president of the U.S.
Tilden got 4,284,020 popular votes and 184 electoral.
Hayes got 4,036,572 popular and 185 electoral.
Tilden had almost 250,000 more popular votes but did not become president.
The 1876 election is the most tainted and controversial election in our history (the 2000 election between Bush and Gore is close). Tilden won the popular vote by nearly 250,000 votes and he appeared to have 203 electoral votes to Hayes's 166. Although all results showed Tilden had won, the Republican Party disputed the outcome. They claimed that blacks had been denied the right to vote in many parts of the South, especially in S. Carolina, Louisiana, and Florida. The election officials refused to accredit the Democratic electors in these 3 states. The officials instead had the 3 states give their electoral votes to Hayes - now the election was tied at 184 electoral votes for each.
Not surprisingly, chaos ensued in the capital. The Democrats controlled the House, and the Republicans controlled the Senate. The Republican Party knew that if the election went to the House, they would lose. So they recommended a bipartisan commission to study the election and certify the results. The commission was composed of 7 Democrats and 7 Republicans, with 5 from the House, 5 from the Senate and 5 from the Supreme Court. The 15th and tie-breaking member was another Supreme Court justice - his name was Justice David Davis, an Independent. However, in the middle of the deliberations he was appointed as a senator from Illinois and resigned. In his place another justice was appointed, the problem for the Democrats was that he was a Republican and not an Independent. With the commissions final vote tied at 7-7 the replacement voted with the Republicans and Hayes received all the disputed electoral votes and became the 19th president of the U.S.
The Democrats were furious at the shenanigans of the commission - some historians have said we were close to another Civil War. The Democrats refused to attend the inauguration - it was held in secret because the Republicans feared for Hayes's life - someone had already fired a shot through the window of Hayes's house.
But here is the real tragedy of this election -
IT SEALED THE FATE OF THE BLACKS FOR THE NEXT 90-100 YEARS. The Southern Democrats saw an opportunity to get something they wanted. What they wanted was to get the Union troops out of the South. They offered the Republicans a deal - we will not challenge the election results of the commission if you will do 3 things:
1. When Hayes got in office he would have to withdraw all Union troops.
2. Appoint one Southerner to his cabinet.
3. Appropriate money to rebuild the South.
And Hayes came through on all three.
The results of this deal are:
1. Reconstruction ended and Afrian-Americans were largely abandoned by the federal government until the 1960s.
2. The white-controlled Democratic Party went on to control Southern politics for the next century. They set about the process of segregating blacks from society and keeping them in their place through instilling fear (the KKK and lynchings) and denying them rights.
3. The civil rights of blacks was set back until the 1960s, including the right to vote, fair treatment in the judicial system, equality in education and economic prosperity and....
(My comment - Oh,it makes me sick on how political crookedness, prejudice, bigotry and the pursuit of power can screw up a country and the lives of its minority citizens.)
Wednesday, December 21, 2011
ELECTION #22, 1872. The NASTY-METER goes down to 2.
QUOTE from Mark Twain about the scandals and corruption in the Grant administration: "Everyone, it seemed was in a fever to make money, and the most hungry became known, not always with disdain, as 'robber barons.'"
The CANDIDATES in 1872.
REPUBLICAN: ULYSSES S. GRANT.
The regular Republicans renominated Grant for president and Henry Wilson of Massachusetts for VP.
DEMOCRATS and LIBERAL REPUBLICANS: HORACE GREELEY.
Many Republicans were sick of the corruption in Grant's first term so they split off from the regular Republican Party, met in Cincinnati and nominated Horace Greeley as their candidate for president. The Democrats met a month later and decided to throw in their lot with the Liberal Republicans. Greeley became their candidate also.
The CAMPAIGN in 1872.
Greeley is one of the oddest candidates for president in our history. He was a powerful newspaperman, the editor of the New York Tribune, and a crusading journalist, famously advising young men to "Go West." He was a balding, rotund vegetarian with tiny glasses and big white sideburns. On top of all that he was an atheist.
So you can imagine how the campaign went. New York
Republican boss Thurlow Weed wrote to a friend, "Six weeks ago I did not suppose that any considerable number of men, outside of a Lunatic
Asylum, would nominate Greeley for President." Another reporter said that Greeley's nomination had to be the result of "too much brains and not enough whiskey."
The WINNER was ULYSSES S. GRANT - THE 18TH PRESIDENT.
Grant got 3,598,235 popular votes and 286 electoral.
Greeley got 2,834,761 popular and 66 electoral.
Historian Eugene Roseboom wrote, "Never in American history have two more unfit men been offered for the highest office...The man of no ideas was running against the man of too many.?
The CANDIDATES in 1872.
REPUBLICAN: ULYSSES S. GRANT.
The regular Republicans renominated Grant for president and Henry Wilson of Massachusetts for VP.
DEMOCRATS and LIBERAL REPUBLICANS: HORACE GREELEY.
Many Republicans were sick of the corruption in Grant's first term so they split off from the regular Republican Party, met in Cincinnati and nominated Horace Greeley as their candidate for president. The Democrats met a month later and decided to throw in their lot with the Liberal Republicans. Greeley became their candidate also.
The CAMPAIGN in 1872.
Greeley is one of the oddest candidates for president in our history. He was a powerful newspaperman, the editor of the New York Tribune, and a crusading journalist, famously advising young men to "Go West." He was a balding, rotund vegetarian with tiny glasses and big white sideburns. On top of all that he was an atheist.
So you can imagine how the campaign went. New York
Republican boss Thurlow Weed wrote to a friend, "Six weeks ago I did not suppose that any considerable number of men, outside of a Lunatic
Asylum, would nominate Greeley for President." Another reporter said that Greeley's nomination had to be the result of "too much brains and not enough whiskey."
The WINNER was ULYSSES S. GRANT - THE 18TH PRESIDENT.
Grant got 3,598,235 popular votes and 286 electoral.
Greeley got 2,834,761 popular and 66 electoral.
Historian Eugene Roseboom wrote, "Never in American history have two more unfit men been offered for the highest office...The man of no ideas was running against the man of too many.?
Tuesday, December 20, 2011
ELECTION #21, 1868, The NASTY-METER is 6.
QUOTE from a Democratic attack ad against Grant: "Grant has been drunk in the street since the first of January."
The CANDIDATES in 1868.
RWPUBLICAN: ULYSSES S. GRANT.
The Republican Convention was held in Chicago. They nominated Grant on the first ballot. The plain-spoken hard drinking Grant was at the height of his popularity for doing more than any other general to win the war. His stature in America at the time is comparable to that of Dwight D. Eisenhower after WWII - the man was an icon. Grant had avoided assassination on April 14, 1865 when he turned down Lincoln's invitation to attend
Ford's Theater - he had been included in the plot formed by John Wilkes Both and his accomplices. The VP candidate was Speaker of the House Schuyler Colfax.
DEMOCRAT: HORATIO SEYMOUR.
The Democrats met in New York. After 21 ballots . no candidate could be agreed on, and a dark-horse nominee was engineered by Samuel Tilden, the head of the New York delegation. The dark-horse he introduced was New York Governor Horatio Seymour. Seymour did not want to be the nominee, in fact he got up in front of the convention and said, "May God bless you for your kindness to me, but your candidate I cannot be." He then burst into tears backstage but finally agreed to accept the nomination. For VP they chose a guy by the name of Francis Blair.
The CAMPAIGN in 1868.
The fact that Grant smoked, drank, and gambled to excess made things even better for the Republicans. In many people's eyes, he was, indeed, "United States" Grant. The Republicans called Seymour "The Great Decliner" and hinted that hereditary insanity ran in his family. They went after the Democratic VP candidate (Blair) when they discovered he had stayed in a Hartford Hotel, where his room fee was $10.00, but he spent $65.00 on whiskey and lemons.
The Democrats got on Grant for his drinking and brought up he had numerous bouts of blind drunkenness during the Civil War. And he was called such names as "Useless" and "The Butcher" but it was not enough to turn the tide as voters didn't seem to care.
The WINNER was ULYSSES S. GRANT.
Grant got 3,013,650 popular votes and 214 electoral.
Seymour got 2,708,744 popular and 80 electoral.
For the first time in history, half a million blacks had voted - and it's safe to assume that the over-whelming majority went for
Grant. But it is a dirty little secret that black votes were counted in only 16 of the 37 states and 8 of those were in the old Confederacy. Connecticut did not allow blacks to vote, and New York made ownership of $250 worth of property a requirement before allowing a black to cast his ballot.
An interesting bit of Civil War history is that Grant's best man and the two ushers at his wedding in 1848 would all, as officers of the Confederacy, surrender to him at Appomattox in 1865.
The CANDIDATES in 1868.
RWPUBLICAN: ULYSSES S. GRANT.
The Republican Convention was held in Chicago. They nominated Grant on the first ballot. The plain-spoken hard drinking Grant was at the height of his popularity for doing more than any other general to win the war. His stature in America at the time is comparable to that of Dwight D. Eisenhower after WWII - the man was an icon. Grant had avoided assassination on April 14, 1865 when he turned down Lincoln's invitation to attend
Ford's Theater - he had been included in the plot formed by John Wilkes Both and his accomplices. The VP candidate was Speaker of the House Schuyler Colfax.
DEMOCRAT: HORATIO SEYMOUR.
The Democrats met in New York. After 21 ballots . no candidate could be agreed on, and a dark-horse nominee was engineered by Samuel Tilden, the head of the New York delegation. The dark-horse he introduced was New York Governor Horatio Seymour. Seymour did not want to be the nominee, in fact he got up in front of the convention and said, "May God bless you for your kindness to me, but your candidate I cannot be." He then burst into tears backstage but finally agreed to accept the nomination. For VP they chose a guy by the name of Francis Blair.
The CAMPAIGN in 1868.
The fact that Grant smoked, drank, and gambled to excess made things even better for the Republicans. In many people's eyes, he was, indeed, "United States" Grant. The Republicans called Seymour "The Great Decliner" and hinted that hereditary insanity ran in his family. They went after the Democratic VP candidate (Blair) when they discovered he had stayed in a Hartford Hotel, where his room fee was $10.00, but he spent $65.00 on whiskey and lemons.
The Democrats got on Grant for his drinking and brought up he had numerous bouts of blind drunkenness during the Civil War. And he was called such names as "Useless" and "The Butcher" but it was not enough to turn the tide as voters didn't seem to care.
The WINNER was ULYSSES S. GRANT.
Grant got 3,013,650 popular votes and 214 electoral.
Seymour got 2,708,744 popular and 80 electoral.
For the first time in history, half a million blacks had voted - and it's safe to assume that the over-whelming majority went for
Grant. But it is a dirty little secret that black votes were counted in only 16 of the 37 states and 8 of those were in the old Confederacy. Connecticut did not allow blacks to vote, and New York made ownership of $250 worth of property a requirement before allowing a black to cast his ballot.
An interesting bit of Civil War history is that Grant's best man and the two ushers at his wedding in 1848 would all, as officers of the Confederacy, surrender to him at Appomattox in 1865.
Saturday, December 17, 2011
ELECTION #20, 1864. The NASTY-METER IS 4.
QUOTE from Abraham Lincoln in the campaign of 1864. "You don't want to change horses in midstream."
Abraham Lincoln took office under stresses felt by no other president, before or since. Before his inauguration seven states had seceded from the Union and a month after his inauguration, Confederate artillery opened fire on Fort Sumter, in South Carolina, and the Civil War began.
The CANDIDATES in 1864.
REPUBLICAN: ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
Throughout the war he was severely criticized for his conduct as Commander-in-Chief; some called him a dictator, and not a very good one. Despite the criticism, some of it from members of his own Republican Party, he was renominated at the Republican convention, in Baltimore, in June of 1864. Still, no one was at all sure that he could win the presidency again. Republicans, like Horace Greeley said, "Mr Lincoln is already beaten." And Republican Boss Weed of New York said, "I told Mr. Lincoln that his reelection was an impossibility."
So a nervous Lincoln carefully picked his running mate with the idea of balancing the ticket and getting some votes from the border states - he picked Andrew Johnson, former Democrat (he had remained loyal to the Union) and senator from Tennessee.
DEMOCRAT: GEORGE B. McCLELLAN
In 1862, Lincoln had fired McClellan as commander of the Union forces, after the bloody battle at Antietam. Lincoln had told him, "If you don't want to use the army, I should like to borrow it for a while." After the firing the northern Democrats started talking up the embittered McClellan as their candidate in 1864 - even though he was a plodding general, insubordinate to Lincoln (whom he openly despised), and a divisive presence in the army. The Democrats still believed he was the only man capable of defeating Lincoln.
The CAMPAIGN in 1864.
The Democrats went after Lincoln in a big way. McClellan said, "The President is nothing more than a well meaning baboon, he is the original gorilla. What a speciman to be at the head of our affairs now!" The Republican newspaper, The New York World, said, "Honest Abe has few honest men to defend his honesty." Other Republican newspapers accused Lincoln of wanting only to be president in order make $25,000 a year; and that he stands 6'12" in his socks, which he changes once every ten days; and his anatomy is composed mostly of bones, and when walking he resembles the offspring of a happy marriage between a derrick and a windmill.
The Republicans and Lincoln retaliated. They said McClellan (Little Mac) kept to the rear of his army during any combat. Lincoln called the Union Army McClellan's bodyguard, and another Republican said that, during a retreat, "McClellan for the first time in his life was found in the front of his troops." Lincoln was not innocent of some political shenanigans. To please some high powered Republicans he acquiesced to their demands. There was a third party candidate named John Fremont (the 1856 Republican candidate)who was nominated by the Radical Republicans, who had splintered from the Republican Party in 1863. In order to get Fremont to drop out of the race Lincoln did what Fremont and some high-powered Republican wanted. He said he'd drop out if Lincoln would fire the Postmaster General Montgomery Blair, who hated Fremont and the Radical Republicans. On September 22. 1864, Fremont quit the race and the next day Lincoln fired Blair. Lincoln was relieved because he was very much afraid that Fremont would've taken Republican votes away from him in the November election.
The WINNER was ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
Lincoln got 2,218,388 popular votes and 212 electoral.
McClellan got 1,812,807 popular and 21 electoral.
The main reason Lincoln won was that the war was turning in favor of the Union by the fall of 1864. General Sherman had taken Atlanta which was immensely popular aand very helpful for Lincoln. And General Grant's Wilderness Campaign in Virginia, in 1864, against General Robert E. Lee, had kept Lee's Army from breaking off to try and stop Sherman's march through the heart of the South to Atlanta.
Abraham Lincoln took office under stresses felt by no other president, before or since. Before his inauguration seven states had seceded from the Union and a month after his inauguration, Confederate artillery opened fire on Fort Sumter, in South Carolina, and the Civil War began.
The CANDIDATES in 1864.
REPUBLICAN: ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
Throughout the war he was severely criticized for his conduct as Commander-in-Chief; some called him a dictator, and not a very good one. Despite the criticism, some of it from members of his own Republican Party, he was renominated at the Republican convention, in Baltimore, in June of 1864. Still, no one was at all sure that he could win the presidency again. Republicans, like Horace Greeley said, "Mr Lincoln is already beaten." And Republican Boss Weed of New York said, "I told Mr. Lincoln that his reelection was an impossibility."
So a nervous Lincoln carefully picked his running mate with the idea of balancing the ticket and getting some votes from the border states - he picked Andrew Johnson, former Democrat (he had remained loyal to the Union) and senator from Tennessee.
DEMOCRAT: GEORGE B. McCLELLAN
In 1862, Lincoln had fired McClellan as commander of the Union forces, after the bloody battle at Antietam. Lincoln had told him, "If you don't want to use the army, I should like to borrow it for a while." After the firing the northern Democrats started talking up the embittered McClellan as their candidate in 1864 - even though he was a plodding general, insubordinate to Lincoln (whom he openly despised), and a divisive presence in the army. The Democrats still believed he was the only man capable of defeating Lincoln.
The CAMPAIGN in 1864.
The Democrats went after Lincoln in a big way. McClellan said, "The President is nothing more than a well meaning baboon, he is the original gorilla. What a speciman to be at the head of our affairs now!" The Republican newspaper, The New York World, said, "Honest Abe has few honest men to defend his honesty." Other Republican newspapers accused Lincoln of wanting only to be president in order make $25,000 a year; and that he stands 6'12" in his socks, which he changes once every ten days; and his anatomy is composed mostly of bones, and when walking he resembles the offspring of a happy marriage between a derrick and a windmill.
The Republicans and Lincoln retaliated. They said McClellan (Little Mac) kept to the rear of his army during any combat. Lincoln called the Union Army McClellan's bodyguard, and another Republican said that, during a retreat, "McClellan for the first time in his life was found in the front of his troops." Lincoln was not innocent of some political shenanigans. To please some high powered Republicans he acquiesced to their demands. There was a third party candidate named John Fremont (the 1856 Republican candidate)who was nominated by the Radical Republicans, who had splintered from the Republican Party in 1863. In order to get Fremont to drop out of the race Lincoln did what Fremont and some high-powered Republican wanted. He said he'd drop out if Lincoln would fire the Postmaster General Montgomery Blair, who hated Fremont and the Radical Republicans. On September 22. 1864, Fremont quit the race and the next day Lincoln fired Blair. Lincoln was relieved because he was very much afraid that Fremont would've taken Republican votes away from him in the November election.
The WINNER was ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
Lincoln got 2,218,388 popular votes and 212 electoral.
McClellan got 1,812,807 popular and 21 electoral.
The main reason Lincoln won was that the war was turning in favor of the Union by the fall of 1864. General Sherman had taken Atlanta which was immensely popular aand very helpful for Lincoln. And General Grant's Wilderness Campaign in Virginia, in 1864, against General Robert E. Lee, had kept Lee's Army from breaking off to try and stop Sherman's march through the heart of the South to Atlanta.
Thursday, December 15, 2011
ELECTION #19, 1860. The NASTY-METER goes to 8.
QUOTE from Abraham Lincoln on June 16, 1858: "A house divided against itself cannot stand."
In 1860, the U.S. population was over 31 million - and every man, woman, and child was waiting for the coming storm of a terrible war.
The issue of slavery had been a divisive issue ever since the writing of the Constitution in 1787.In the 1850s three things happened that made war inevitable. In May of 1854 Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act. The act established the territories of Kansas and Nebraska. This controversial legislation repealed the Compromise of 1820-21 and reopened the controversy over the extension of slavery in the western territories. The Missouri Compromise had prohibited slavery north of 36 degrees 30 minutes, which was the southern border of Missouri. In January of 1854, Senator Douglas of Illinois, got a bill passed dividing the land into two territories, Kansas and Missouri, and leaving the question of slavery to be settled by voting, known as POPULAR SOVEREINGTY - thus making the Missouri Compromise null and void. It enraged the antislavery north - all it did was add fuel to the fire. The sectional split between north and south was aggravated to a point that made reconciliation virtually impossible. The Republican Party was founded by opponents of this act, and the U.S., was pushed closer to civil war.
The second thing was the Supreme Court decision in 1857 called the "The Dred Scott decision" - it helped seal the deal for a future war. The decision was about a freed slave, named Dred Scott, and it said that "slaves are property and not people." It also said that slaves were not citizens and had no political rights and being slaves were property , they had to be returned to their rightful owners, even if they fled to a free state. And the Supreme Court decision continued by saying that outlawing slavery was illegal, which opened the door to slavery in the new western territories.
The third thing was the election of Abraham Lincoln as president in 1860. His win assured there would be a civil war as the slave states said if Lincoln wins we will secede (and they did).
The CANDIDATES in 1860. (there were four of them)
REPUBLICAN: ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
The Republican convention was held in Chicago. The favorite was William Seward, the former governor of New York and a powerful antislavery speaker. But some of the delegates were afraid Seward would not be able to carry Pennsylvania and Indiana, two states considered necessary for a Republican victory. Seward led on the first ballot but Lincoln won on the third ballot.
NORTHEN DEMOCRATS: STEPHEN DOUGLAS of ILLINOIS.
SOUTHERN DEMOCRATS: JOHN C. BRECKENBRIDGE of KENTUCKY (VP under Buchanan.)
CONSTITUTIONAL UNION: JOHN BELL. (This party was composed mostly of former Whigs who had found the new Republican Party to be too radical.)
The CAMPAIGN in 1860.
The Republicans held huge rallies and had marches several miles long. Republican newspapers published countless jokes at Douglas's expense, such as: "Lincoln is like a rail; Douglas is the reverse - rail spelled backwards - liar." Lincoln said that Douglas's idea of "popular sovereignty"
meant that, "if anyone chooses to make a slave of another man, neither that man nor anybody else had a right to object." Douglas was short - 5'4" and was pretty big around his middle. Republicans described Douglas as "about five feet nothing in height and about the same in diameter the other way. He has a red face, short legs, and a large belly." Douglas didn't do himself any good by saying things like the following: "I am for the negro against the crocodile, but for the white man against the negro."
The Democrats reciprocated. They said Lincoln had participated in duels. As a congressman during the Mexican war, he had failed to vote for provisions for the troops. And they said he had slandered Thomas Jefferson by saying that Jefferson had sold his own children (by his slave Sally Hemmings) into slavery. Lincoln knew they were lies and didn't take the bait. He stayed in Springfield during the campaign while Douglas road a railcar all over the country. He said that a Lincoln victory would mean secession and said, if only Andrew Jackson were alive today, "he might hang Northern and Southern traitors on the same gallows." A Democratic newspaper in Charleston caricatured the 6'4" Lincoln with a vengeance. "He is a horrid-looking wretch, sooty and scoundrelly in aspect, a cross between the nutmeg dealer, the horse-swapper, and the nightman." The Houston paper said, "Lincoln is leanest, lankest, most ungainly mass of legs and arms and hatchet face ever strung on a single frame." In one Democratic poster Lincoln was pictured being carried into the lunatic asylum by numerous supporters.
The WINNER was ABRAHAM LINCOLN - the 16th president.
Lincoln got 1,865,908 popular votes and 180 electoral.
Douglas got 1,380,202 popular votes and 12 electoral.
Breckinridge got 848,019 popular votes and 72 electoral.
Bell got 590,901 popular votes and 39 electoral.
Lincoln had less than 40% of the popular vote but a majority of the electoral. The other three candidates had more popular votes than Lincoln but together the three had only 123 electoral to Lincoln's 180. Lincoln won over 50% of the vote in the North and West, but a measly 3% in the South. Breckinbrie won all the Southern states.
By the time Lincoln was inaugurated on March 4, 1861, seven southern states had already seceded. The seven were S.C., Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas. These seven then formed the Confederate States of America. In April, Virginia, Arkansas, N.C., and Tennessee also seceded, to make it eleven. The border states of Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri, Delaware stayed in the Union, despite some opposition to this within those states. Lincoln was relieved those four stayed.
In 1860, the U.S. population was over 31 million - and every man, woman, and child was waiting for the coming storm of a terrible war.
The issue of slavery had been a divisive issue ever since the writing of the Constitution in 1787.In the 1850s three things happened that made war inevitable. In May of 1854 Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act. The act established the territories of Kansas and Nebraska. This controversial legislation repealed the Compromise of 1820-21 and reopened the controversy over the extension of slavery in the western territories. The Missouri Compromise had prohibited slavery north of 36 degrees 30 minutes, which was the southern border of Missouri. In January of 1854, Senator Douglas of Illinois, got a bill passed dividing the land into two territories, Kansas and Missouri, and leaving the question of slavery to be settled by voting, known as POPULAR SOVEREINGTY - thus making the Missouri Compromise null and void. It enraged the antislavery north - all it did was add fuel to the fire. The sectional split between north and south was aggravated to a point that made reconciliation virtually impossible. The Republican Party was founded by opponents of this act, and the U.S., was pushed closer to civil war.
The second thing was the Supreme Court decision in 1857 called the "The Dred Scott decision" - it helped seal the deal for a future war. The decision was about a freed slave, named Dred Scott, and it said that "slaves are property and not people." It also said that slaves were not citizens and had no political rights and being slaves were property , they had to be returned to their rightful owners, even if they fled to a free state. And the Supreme Court decision continued by saying that outlawing slavery was illegal, which opened the door to slavery in the new western territories.
The third thing was the election of Abraham Lincoln as president in 1860. His win assured there would be a civil war as the slave states said if Lincoln wins we will secede (and they did).
The CANDIDATES in 1860. (there were four of them)
REPUBLICAN: ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
The Republican convention was held in Chicago. The favorite was William Seward, the former governor of New York and a powerful antislavery speaker. But some of the delegates were afraid Seward would not be able to carry Pennsylvania and Indiana, two states considered necessary for a Republican victory. Seward led on the first ballot but Lincoln won on the third ballot.
NORTHEN DEMOCRATS: STEPHEN DOUGLAS of ILLINOIS.
SOUTHERN DEMOCRATS: JOHN C. BRECKENBRIDGE of KENTUCKY (VP under Buchanan.)
CONSTITUTIONAL UNION: JOHN BELL. (This party was composed mostly of former Whigs who had found the new Republican Party to be too radical.)
The CAMPAIGN in 1860.
The Republicans held huge rallies and had marches several miles long. Republican newspapers published countless jokes at Douglas's expense, such as: "Lincoln is like a rail; Douglas is the reverse - rail spelled backwards - liar." Lincoln said that Douglas's idea of "popular sovereignty"
meant that, "if anyone chooses to make a slave of another man, neither that man nor anybody else had a right to object." Douglas was short - 5'4" and was pretty big around his middle. Republicans described Douglas as "about five feet nothing in height and about the same in diameter the other way. He has a red face, short legs, and a large belly." Douglas didn't do himself any good by saying things like the following: "I am for the negro against the crocodile, but for the white man against the negro."
The Democrats reciprocated. They said Lincoln had participated in duels. As a congressman during the Mexican war, he had failed to vote for provisions for the troops. And they said he had slandered Thomas Jefferson by saying that Jefferson had sold his own children (by his slave Sally Hemmings) into slavery. Lincoln knew they were lies and didn't take the bait. He stayed in Springfield during the campaign while Douglas road a railcar all over the country. He said that a Lincoln victory would mean secession and said, if only Andrew Jackson were alive today, "he might hang Northern and Southern traitors on the same gallows." A Democratic newspaper in Charleston caricatured the 6'4" Lincoln with a vengeance. "He is a horrid-looking wretch, sooty and scoundrelly in aspect, a cross between the nutmeg dealer, the horse-swapper, and the nightman." The Houston paper said, "Lincoln is leanest, lankest, most ungainly mass of legs and arms and hatchet face ever strung on a single frame." In one Democratic poster Lincoln was pictured being carried into the lunatic asylum by numerous supporters.
The WINNER was ABRAHAM LINCOLN - the 16th president.
Lincoln got 1,865,908 popular votes and 180 electoral.
Douglas got 1,380,202 popular votes and 12 electoral.
Breckinridge got 848,019 popular votes and 72 electoral.
Bell got 590,901 popular votes and 39 electoral.
Lincoln had less than 40% of the popular vote but a majority of the electoral. The other three candidates had more popular votes than Lincoln but together the three had only 123 electoral to Lincoln's 180. Lincoln won over 50% of the vote in the North and West, but a measly 3% in the South. Breckinbrie won all the Southern states.
By the time Lincoln was inaugurated on March 4, 1861, seven southern states had already seceded. The seven were S.C., Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas. These seven then formed the Confederate States of America. In April, Virginia, Arkansas, N.C., and Tennessee also seceded, to make it eleven. The border states of Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri, Delaware stayed in the Union, despite some opposition to this within those states. Lincoln was relieved those four stayed.
Wednesday, December 14, 2011
ELECTION #18, 1856. The NASTY-METER IS 3.
QUOTE from President Pierce after he had been rejected by his own Democratic Party to run for reelection in 1856: "There's nothing left but to get drunk."
By 1856 the nation was so deeply divided over slavery that whoever became president was going to have a hell of a time.
The CANDIDATES IN 1856.
DEMOCRAT: JAMES BUCHANAN.
Buchanan was looked as the most available and least objectionable. In 1856 the Democratic Party was split over the issue of slavery. At their convention in Cincinnati in June of 1856 they settled in on a compromise candidate. They needed someone acceptable to the pro-slavery Southern wing, as well as the anti-slavery Northern wing. Buchanan was a perfect fit. He was a Northerner who personally opposed slavery but believed that the institution of slavery was constitutional. For VP they chose Kentucky Senator John C. Breckinridge.
REPUBLICAN: JOHN C. FREMONT.
In Ripon, Wisconsin in 1854 a new political party was organized. The Whig Party had disintegrated because of election losses and the party's inability to take a firm stance against slavery. So, in February of 1854, dissident Whigs and antislavery Democrats met in Ripon to form a new political party known as the Republican Party, named in honor of Thomas Jefferson's old party. They gained strength over the next two years with more former Whigs from the North and West joining them. As a result they held a convention in Philadelphia in June of 1856. They nominated John C. Fremont as their candidate for president and William Dayton of New Jersey as VP. Fremont was pretty famous for being the hero of Western exploration and was nicknamed "The Pathfinder."
The CAMPAIGN of 1856.
The campaign of 1856 revolved around the issue of slavery and outbursts of violence were common. A civil war nearly broke out in Kansas between proslavery and antislavery supporters.
Republicans held mass meetings and marched through the streets. They were joined by Northen thinkers and writers like Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. And Abraham Lincoln,who had been possible candidate for VP, beat the drums for the new party. The made fun of Buchanan because his head tilted slighted to the left due to congenital palsy. Fremont supporters claimed the tilt was really a result of Buchanan's bungled attempt to hang himself - and a man who couldn't even do away with himself could not not be president, could he?
The Democrats responded by hurling insults at Fremont. They said he was a drunkard, guilty of brutal treatment of California Indians, and that he had exaggerated and lied about some of his discoveries in the West. They also said that Fremont was "a secret Catholic." That was a pretty serious charge in the 1800s and hurt him in the election with certain political groups. But the one thing they said about Fremont that stuck with the voters was that he was too radically antislavery and his election would cause the South to secede from the Union.
The WINNER was JAMES BUCHANAN - the 15th president.
Buchanan got 1,832,955 popular votes and 174 electoral.
Fremont got 1,339,932 popular votes and 114 electoral.
Buchanan won easily with the backing of all the Southern states. Almost 80% of the elgible voters participated in this election. Remember, elgible means "white men only."
Buchanan was our only bachelor president. When he was in the Senate he shared living quarters with Senator William Rufus King of Alabama. There was speculation that they were gay and some people called Buchanan and King "Miss Nancy" and "Aunt Fancy." But there is no proof that there was any truth to this.
Buchanan was nicknamed "Ten-Cent Jimmy" when he said that he thought ten cents a day was an adequate wage for manual laborers.
By 1856 the nation was so deeply divided over slavery that whoever became president was going to have a hell of a time.
The CANDIDATES IN 1856.
DEMOCRAT: JAMES BUCHANAN.
Buchanan was looked as the most available and least objectionable. In 1856 the Democratic Party was split over the issue of slavery. At their convention in Cincinnati in June of 1856 they settled in on a compromise candidate. They needed someone acceptable to the pro-slavery Southern wing, as well as the anti-slavery Northern wing. Buchanan was a perfect fit. He was a Northerner who personally opposed slavery but believed that the institution of slavery was constitutional. For VP they chose Kentucky Senator John C. Breckinridge.
REPUBLICAN: JOHN C. FREMONT.
In Ripon, Wisconsin in 1854 a new political party was organized. The Whig Party had disintegrated because of election losses and the party's inability to take a firm stance against slavery. So, in February of 1854, dissident Whigs and antislavery Democrats met in Ripon to form a new political party known as the Republican Party, named in honor of Thomas Jefferson's old party. They gained strength over the next two years with more former Whigs from the North and West joining them. As a result they held a convention in Philadelphia in June of 1856. They nominated John C. Fremont as their candidate for president and William Dayton of New Jersey as VP. Fremont was pretty famous for being the hero of Western exploration and was nicknamed "The Pathfinder."
The CAMPAIGN of 1856.
The campaign of 1856 revolved around the issue of slavery and outbursts of violence were common. A civil war nearly broke out in Kansas between proslavery and antislavery supporters.
Republicans held mass meetings and marched through the streets. They were joined by Northen thinkers and writers like Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. And Abraham Lincoln,who had been possible candidate for VP, beat the drums for the new party. The made fun of Buchanan because his head tilted slighted to the left due to congenital palsy. Fremont supporters claimed the tilt was really a result of Buchanan's bungled attempt to hang himself - and a man who couldn't even do away with himself could not not be president, could he?
The Democrats responded by hurling insults at Fremont. They said he was a drunkard, guilty of brutal treatment of California Indians, and that he had exaggerated and lied about some of his discoveries in the West. They also said that Fremont was "a secret Catholic." That was a pretty serious charge in the 1800s and hurt him in the election with certain political groups. But the one thing they said about Fremont that stuck with the voters was that he was too radically antislavery and his election would cause the South to secede from the Union.
The WINNER was JAMES BUCHANAN - the 15th president.
Buchanan got 1,832,955 popular votes and 174 electoral.
Fremont got 1,339,932 popular votes and 114 electoral.
Buchanan won easily with the backing of all the Southern states. Almost 80% of the elgible voters participated in this election. Remember, elgible means "white men only."
Buchanan was our only bachelor president. When he was in the Senate he shared living quarters with Senator William Rufus King of Alabama. There was speculation that they were gay and some people called Buchanan and King "Miss Nancy" and "Aunt Fancy." But there is no proof that there was any truth to this.
Buchanan was nicknamed "Ten-Cent Jimmy" when he said that he thought ten cents a day was an adequate wage for manual laborers.
Friday, December 9, 2011
ELECTION #17, 1852. The NASTY-METER is 5.
QUOTE from Franklin Pierce at his inaugural address on March 4, 1853, just two months after he and his wife had watched their twelve-year son get killed in a train accident on January 6, 1853. "It is a relief to feel that no heart but my cwn can know the personal regret and bitter sorrow over which I have been borne to a position so suitable for others rather than desirable for myself...You have summoned me in my weakness; you must sustain me in my strength."
In 1852 the U.S. was deeply divided over the issue of slavery. The Compromise of 1850 had done little more than make the antislavery and proslavery supporters angrier than ever. The Compromise of 1850, written by Henry Clay, proposed that California be admitted as a free state, that the newly acquired territories of New Mexico and Utah, be allowed to determine whether they would allow slavery, that slave trading (though not slavery itself) be ended in Washington D.C., and that the Fugitive Slave Act, which would provide for runaway slaves to be returned to their owners no matter where they were captured, become law. President Fillmore signed it into law. What it did was to temporarily relieve the tensions between North and South that will lead to the Civil War in ten years.
At the Whig convention in Baltimore in 1852 Fillmore lost the nomination because of his support for the Conpromise of 1850. A splinter group of sixty delegates threw their support to the Mexian war hero General Winfield Scott. Chaos ensued and it took 53 ballots for Scott to get the nomination over Millard Fillmore and Nathaniel Webster.
The Democrats also met in Baltimore and after much chaos and debate picked the little-known Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire over Lewis Cass and James Buchanan. Pierce was considered a compromise candidate and was finally nominated on the 49th ballot.
The CANDIDATES in 1852.
DEMOCRAT: FRANKLIN PIERCE.
Pierce was a good-looking and well-liked congressman and senator.He had fought in the Mexican War and, at age forty-eight. was a relatively young presidential candidate. Yet he was dogged by alcoholism and tragedy. which (at this pint) included the deaths of two of his three children. The third one died two months before he was inaugurated. Pierce and his party pledged to support the Compromise of 1850.
WHIG: WINFIELD SCOTT.
Scott was 66, 6'5" tall and looked every bit the war hero that he was. He was essentially against the Compromise of 1850 but was a waffler in his public pronouncements. Like Clay before him, and many a candidate after, he would pay the price for being afraid to come down clearly on one side or the other of an important issue.
The CAMPAIGN of 1852.
When a person is a war hero everyone congratulates him for his service to the country. But when his name is put on the ballot as a presidential candidate suddenly everything changes. (Think back to 2004 when the Bush forces attacked John Kerry for his Vietnam service even though Bush had never been in Vietnam). The Whigs tore into Pierce by portraying him as a coward in the war. Pierce had suffered a severe wound to his knee and had fainted from the pain, He had to be carried to safety as a result of the pain. The Whigs referred to Pierce as the "Fainting General" or "Fainting Frank" and asked voters if they wanted a coward for a president. They also knew he had an alcohol problem. The Whigs called Pierce the "hero of many a well-fought BOTTLE" and kept at it through the whole campaign.
The Democrats fought back by calling Scott "Old Fuss and Feathers," a name given to him by his officers because of his devotion to military discipline and protocol. His officers saw first hand that he was really a bit of a "pompous ass." They also attacked on his waffling on the Compromise of 1850 and said he was a puppet of N.Y. Senator William Seward. a radical antislavery Whig. Scott was made fun of for pandering to the new Irish Catholic immigrants coming to America. He told them he had a daughter,now dead, who had been a nun. (It was true but sounded so much like blatant pandering that it came across as a lie.)
He also said in a speech to an Irish crowd, "When I hear that rich Irish brogue, it makes me remember the noble deeds of Irishmen, many of whom I have led to battle and victory."
The WINNER was FRANKLIN PIERCE - the 14th president.
Pierce got 1,601,274 popular votes and 254 electoral votes.
Scott got 1,386,580 popular votes and 42 electoral.
Some historians believe that Scott lost because of his waffling on the slavery issue. At least people knew where Pierce stood on the Compromise of 1850 and that it really might put an end to the bsttling over slavery in America.
In 1852 the U.S. was deeply divided over the issue of slavery. The Compromise of 1850 had done little more than make the antislavery and proslavery supporters angrier than ever. The Compromise of 1850, written by Henry Clay, proposed that California be admitted as a free state, that the newly acquired territories of New Mexico and Utah, be allowed to determine whether they would allow slavery, that slave trading (though not slavery itself) be ended in Washington D.C., and that the Fugitive Slave Act, which would provide for runaway slaves to be returned to their owners no matter where they were captured, become law. President Fillmore signed it into law. What it did was to temporarily relieve the tensions between North and South that will lead to the Civil War in ten years.
At the Whig convention in Baltimore in 1852 Fillmore lost the nomination because of his support for the Conpromise of 1850. A splinter group of sixty delegates threw their support to the Mexian war hero General Winfield Scott. Chaos ensued and it took 53 ballots for Scott to get the nomination over Millard Fillmore and Nathaniel Webster.
The Democrats also met in Baltimore and after much chaos and debate picked the little-known Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire over Lewis Cass and James Buchanan. Pierce was considered a compromise candidate and was finally nominated on the 49th ballot.
The CANDIDATES in 1852.
DEMOCRAT: FRANKLIN PIERCE.
Pierce was a good-looking and well-liked congressman and senator.He had fought in the Mexican War and, at age forty-eight. was a relatively young presidential candidate. Yet he was dogged by alcoholism and tragedy. which (at this pint) included the deaths of two of his three children. The third one died two months before he was inaugurated. Pierce and his party pledged to support the Compromise of 1850.
WHIG: WINFIELD SCOTT.
Scott was 66, 6'5" tall and looked every bit the war hero that he was. He was essentially against the Compromise of 1850 but was a waffler in his public pronouncements. Like Clay before him, and many a candidate after, he would pay the price for being afraid to come down clearly on one side or the other of an important issue.
The CAMPAIGN of 1852.
When a person is a war hero everyone congratulates him for his service to the country. But when his name is put on the ballot as a presidential candidate suddenly everything changes. (Think back to 2004 when the Bush forces attacked John Kerry for his Vietnam service even though Bush had never been in Vietnam). The Whigs tore into Pierce by portraying him as a coward in the war. Pierce had suffered a severe wound to his knee and had fainted from the pain, He had to be carried to safety as a result of the pain. The Whigs referred to Pierce as the "Fainting General" or "Fainting Frank" and asked voters if they wanted a coward for a president. They also knew he had an alcohol problem. The Whigs called Pierce the "hero of many a well-fought BOTTLE" and kept at it through the whole campaign.
The Democrats fought back by calling Scott "Old Fuss and Feathers," a name given to him by his officers because of his devotion to military discipline and protocol. His officers saw first hand that he was really a bit of a "pompous ass." They also attacked on his waffling on the Compromise of 1850 and said he was a puppet of N.Y. Senator William Seward. a radical antislavery Whig. Scott was made fun of for pandering to the new Irish Catholic immigrants coming to America. He told them he had a daughter,now dead, who had been a nun. (It was true but sounded so much like blatant pandering that it came across as a lie.)
He also said in a speech to an Irish crowd, "When I hear that rich Irish brogue, it makes me remember the noble deeds of Irishmen, many of whom I have led to battle and victory."
The WINNER was FRANKLIN PIERCE - the 14th president.
Pierce got 1,601,274 popular votes and 254 electoral votes.
Scott got 1,386,580 popular votes and 42 electoral.
Some historians believe that Scott lost because of his waffling on the slavery issue. At least people knew where Pierce stood on the Compromise of 1850 and that it really might put an end to the bsttling over slavery in America.
Wednesday, December 7, 2011
ELECTION #16, 1848. The NASTY-METER is 3.
QUOTE from Zachary Taylor before he was elected president on November 7, 1848: "I have no private purposes to accomplish, no party projects to build up, no enemies to punish - nothing to serve but my country."
Historians all agree that James Polk was a hard working president. He worked ten to twelve hours a day and held two cabinet meetings a week. He also accomplished all four of the goals he promised in his inaugural address. He promised he would reduce the tariff, re-establish an independent treasury to get money out of the hands of private banks, acquire Oregon from the British, and acquire California from Mexico. It took a war with Mexico from 1846 to 1848 to acquire California but he did it. One of the U.S. military heroes of the Mexican War was a general named Zachary Taylor.
The CANDIDATES in 1848.
WHIG; ZACHARY TAYLOR.
U.S. wars often make heroes out of military leaders. Such was the case with Zachary Taylor. He had become well-known for his war successes in Florida against the Seminiole Indians and especially in the Mexican War. The Whigs were looking for a winner and they quickly latched unto Taylor. He didn't know if he was a Whig or not but agreed to run. The Whigs nominated Millard Fillmore as his VP candidate. Fillmore was a former congressman and comptroller of New York State. Taylor was mailed notification of his nomination for president, but because there was postage due on the letter, he refused it and did not learn of the nomination for several dys.
DEMOCRAT: LEWIS CASS,
Polk had made few friends in his own party so he decided not to run. The best the Democrats could come up with was Lewis Cass, former governor and senator from Michigan. For VP they picked General William Butler, another hero of the Mexican War.
The CAMPAIGN of 1848.
Taylor could not really be accused of anything because he had never voted. No one could tell what Tayor (nicknamed "Old Rough and Ready') was thinking, but a few suspected the answer was "not much." Taylor even said he was a Whig but "not an ultra-Whig." In the 1800s there was a system called phrenology. Phrenology was the belief that an analysis of a person's character could be made by a study of the shape and protuberances of a person's skull. The Democrats showed a cartoon of a phrenologist measuring Taylor's head with a pair of calipers. The phrenologist's judgment was that Taylor was "stubborn and obstinate as a mule" and "utterly wanting in all sympathy."
Lewis Cass was a nice fellow and had a distinguihed career, but his name rhymed with both "ass" and "gas." The Whigs depicted him in cartoons as "General Gas," with cannons farting noxious fumes out of his belly, or as "The Gas Bag," with an enormous rear end, ready to lift off into the sky, like a hot-air balloon. The Whigs also claimed that Cass had sold white men into slavery and that he was guilty of graft as superintendent of Indian Affairs. They were both lies. One final blast at Cass was that he was a "pot-bellied, mutton-headed cucumber."
The WINNER was ZACHARY TAYLOR - the 12th president.
The election was held on November 7, 1848 - this was the first time everybody voted on the same day. A law had been passed in 1845 to make the election the same for eveybody. (Keep in mind that the only people who got to vote were white men- women and slaves could not vote in 1848.)
Taylor got 1,360,967 popular votes and 163 electoral votes
Cass got 1,222,342 popular votes
and 127 electoral votes.
Taylor served only sixteen months in office. On a very hot July 4th in 1850, Taylor attended an Independence Day celebration. After the celebration Taylor took a walk, returned to the White House and ate a bowl of cherries and drank ice-cold milk. He soon developed symptoms of severe gastric distress, which continued for five days and were probably caused by cholera. After five days of illness, Taylor died on July 9, 1850. He was succeeded by his VP, Millard Fillmore.
Historians all agree that James Polk was a hard working president. He worked ten to twelve hours a day and held two cabinet meetings a week. He also accomplished all four of the goals he promised in his inaugural address. He promised he would reduce the tariff, re-establish an independent treasury to get money out of the hands of private banks, acquire Oregon from the British, and acquire California from Mexico. It took a war with Mexico from 1846 to 1848 to acquire California but he did it. One of the U.S. military heroes of the Mexican War was a general named Zachary Taylor.
The CANDIDATES in 1848.
WHIG; ZACHARY TAYLOR.
U.S. wars often make heroes out of military leaders. Such was the case with Zachary Taylor. He had become well-known for his war successes in Florida against the Seminiole Indians and especially in the Mexican War. The Whigs were looking for a winner and they quickly latched unto Taylor. He didn't know if he was a Whig or not but agreed to run. The Whigs nominated Millard Fillmore as his VP candidate. Fillmore was a former congressman and comptroller of New York State. Taylor was mailed notification of his nomination for president, but because there was postage due on the letter, he refused it and did not learn of the nomination for several dys.
DEMOCRAT: LEWIS CASS,
Polk had made few friends in his own party so he decided not to run. The best the Democrats could come up with was Lewis Cass, former governor and senator from Michigan. For VP they picked General William Butler, another hero of the Mexican War.
The CAMPAIGN of 1848.
Taylor could not really be accused of anything because he had never voted. No one could tell what Tayor (nicknamed "Old Rough and Ready') was thinking, but a few suspected the answer was "not much." Taylor even said he was a Whig but "not an ultra-Whig." In the 1800s there was a system called phrenology. Phrenology was the belief that an analysis of a person's character could be made by a study of the shape and protuberances of a person's skull. The Democrats showed a cartoon of a phrenologist measuring Taylor's head with a pair of calipers. The phrenologist's judgment was that Taylor was "stubborn and obstinate as a mule" and "utterly wanting in all sympathy."
Lewis Cass was a nice fellow and had a distinguihed career, but his name rhymed with both "ass" and "gas." The Whigs depicted him in cartoons as "General Gas," with cannons farting noxious fumes out of his belly, or as "The Gas Bag," with an enormous rear end, ready to lift off into the sky, like a hot-air balloon. The Whigs also claimed that Cass had sold white men into slavery and that he was guilty of graft as superintendent of Indian Affairs. They were both lies. One final blast at Cass was that he was a "pot-bellied, mutton-headed cucumber."
The WINNER was ZACHARY TAYLOR - the 12th president.
The election was held on November 7, 1848 - this was the first time everybody voted on the same day. A law had been passed in 1845 to make the election the same for eveybody. (Keep in mind that the only people who got to vote were white men- women and slaves could not vote in 1848.)
Taylor got 1,360,967 popular votes and 163 electoral votes
Cass got 1,222,342 popular votes
and 127 electoral votes.
Taylor served only sixteen months in office. On a very hot July 4th in 1850, Taylor attended an Independence Day celebration. After the celebration Taylor took a walk, returned to the White House and ate a bowl of cherries and drank ice-cold milk. He soon developed symptoms of severe gastric distress, which continued for five days and were probably caused by cholera. After five days of illness, Taylor died on July 9, 1850. He was succeeded by his VP, Millard Fillmore.
Monday, December 5, 2011
ELECTION #15, 1844. The NASTY-METER is 2.
ELECTION #15, 1844.
QUOTE from Andrew Jackson: "Harrison's death after one month in office was "the the deed of a kind and over-ruling Providence."
As we can see from Jackson's quote he was not in mourning about Harrison's death. And neither was Poet William Cullen Bryant who said he regretted Harrison's death only because "he did not live long enough to prove his incapacity for the office of President." Tyler succeeded to the Presidency and became an "Encedrin headache" for members of his own WHIG Party. He started acting like a Jacksonian Democrat when he vetoed a new Whig bill for a new Bank of the U.S. He so upset his fellow Whigs that Henry Clay resigned his Senate seat to protest Tyler's action and all, but one, of his cabinet resigned. The chance of Tyler being the 1844 Whig candidate for president was less than zero. So who were the candidates?
The CANDIDATES in 1844.
DEMOCRAT: JAMES K. POLK.
Polk had been Speaker of the House and was considered a loyal Democrat. He was hated by the Whigs so much that on his last day in office Henry Clay shouted from the visitor's gallery, "Go Home, God damn you. Go home where you belong."
WHIG; HENRY CLAY.
The Whigs had assembled in Baltimore in April, 1844 and nominated Henry Clay for president. To balance the ticket they picked Theodore Frelinghuysen, a so-called Christian gentleman who was supposed to balance Clay's reputation for high living, boozing, and playing cards. Clay had run for president in 1824 and 1832 and he wanted to be president. He wanted it badly.
The CAMPAIGN of 1844.
The Whigs went after Polk for being an unknown. They cried, "Who is James K. Polk?" and "Good God, what a nomination!" And they claimed that the raccoons in Tennessee were singing, "Ha, ha, ha, what a nominee / Is Jimmy Polk of Tennessee!" A Whig newspaper claimed that Polk had branded his initials J.K.P onto the shoulders of forty of his slaves. It was such an outright lie that the paper later reprinted a retraction. It was hard to slander Polk because he was so thoroughly colorness that his nickname was "Polk the Plodder."
The Democrats fired back that Clay gambled, dueled, was a womanizer and swore profusely. The Democrats also wrote a pamphlet entitled, "Twenty-one Reasons Why Clay Should Not Be Elected." Reason number two said, "Clay spends his days at the gambling table and his nights in a brothel." A Protestant minister wrote a letter published in numerous Democratic papers claiming to have heard Clay curse extensively during a steamboat trip.
The WINNER was JAMES K. POLK.
Polk got 1,338,464 popular votes and 170 electoral votes.
Clay got 1,300,097 popular votes and 105 electoral votes.
The famous phrase "Manifest Destiny" originated during Polk's term. The phrase was coined by NY journalist John O'Sullivan in 1845. It refers to the idea that it was the destiny of the U.S. to expand westward to the Pacific.
QUOTE from Andrew Jackson: "Harrison's death after one month in office was "the the deed of a kind and over-ruling Providence."
As we can see from Jackson's quote he was not in mourning about Harrison's death. And neither was Poet William Cullen Bryant who said he regretted Harrison's death only because "he did not live long enough to prove his incapacity for the office of President." Tyler succeeded to the Presidency and became an "Encedrin headache" for members of his own WHIG Party. He started acting like a Jacksonian Democrat when he vetoed a new Whig bill for a new Bank of the U.S. He so upset his fellow Whigs that Henry Clay resigned his Senate seat to protest Tyler's action and all, but one, of his cabinet resigned. The chance of Tyler being the 1844 Whig candidate for president was less than zero. So who were the candidates?
The CANDIDATES in 1844.
DEMOCRAT: JAMES K. POLK.
Polk had been Speaker of the House and was considered a loyal Democrat. He was hated by the Whigs so much that on his last day in office Henry Clay shouted from the visitor's gallery, "Go Home, God damn you. Go home where you belong."
WHIG; HENRY CLAY.
The Whigs had assembled in Baltimore in April, 1844 and nominated Henry Clay for president. To balance the ticket they picked Theodore Frelinghuysen, a so-called Christian gentleman who was supposed to balance Clay's reputation for high living, boozing, and playing cards. Clay had run for president in 1824 and 1832 and he wanted to be president. He wanted it badly.
The CAMPAIGN of 1844.
The Whigs went after Polk for being an unknown. They cried, "Who is James K. Polk?" and "Good God, what a nomination!" And they claimed that the raccoons in Tennessee were singing, "Ha, ha, ha, what a nominee / Is Jimmy Polk of Tennessee!" A Whig newspaper claimed that Polk had branded his initials J.K.P onto the shoulders of forty of his slaves. It was such an outright lie that the paper later reprinted a retraction. It was hard to slander Polk because he was so thoroughly colorness that his nickname was "Polk the Plodder."
The Democrats fired back that Clay gambled, dueled, was a womanizer and swore profusely. The Democrats also wrote a pamphlet entitled, "Twenty-one Reasons Why Clay Should Not Be Elected." Reason number two said, "Clay spends his days at the gambling table and his nights in a brothel." A Protestant minister wrote a letter published in numerous Democratic papers claiming to have heard Clay curse extensively during a steamboat trip.
The WINNER was JAMES K. POLK.
Polk got 1,338,464 popular votes and 170 electoral votes.
Clay got 1,300,097 popular votes and 105 electoral votes.
The famous phrase "Manifest Destiny" originated during Polk's term. The phrase was coined by NY journalist John O'Sullivan in 1845. It refers to the idea that it was the destiny of the U.S. to expand westward to the Pacific.
Friday, December 2, 2011
ELECTION #14, 1840. The NASTY-METER is 3.
ELECTION #14, 1840. The CANDIDATES.
DEMOCRAT: MARTIN VAN BUREN.
Van Buren was screwed from day one as far as getting reelected. His four years in office were an economic disaster. The recession was caused, in large part, by Jackson vetoing the Bank of the United States rechartering bill passed by Congress. The government was now depositing the money in Jackson's "pet banks" - run by his cronies, instead of the Bank of the United States, which Jackson had gutted. These pet banks were making large loans to speculaters, and add to this vicious high inflation, a crop failure in 1835, and a new "hard money" law forcing banks to repay money borrowed from the government in specie rather than currency. By the summer of 1837 America's economic life had ground to a standstill. The panic would last several years, forcing factories to close and sending families to beg on the streets. Van Buren was a decent guy but didn't know how to handle an economic crisis. The first cartoon portraying the Democratic Party as a donkey appeared during this election. Jackson rode the beast, Van Buren walked behind it, hat in hand, saying, "I shall tread in the footsteps of my illustrious predecessor."
Once again the Democrats held their nominating convention in Baltimore. Van Buren was easily renominated but there was a squabble again over Richard Johnson, his VP. Many Democrates balked at Johnson for "openly and shamefully living in adultery with a buxom negro," But in the end he was renominated.
WHIG: WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON.
The WHIGS held their first nominating convention in 1839, in Harrisburg, PA. Henry Clay wanted to be the nominee but because he was a Mason, the Antomasons in the Whig Party would not support him. So they settled on William Henry Harrison, who had done well in the 1836 election. And his reputation as a war hero still inspired a great deal of loyalty and even though he was a Virginia aristocrat he managed to portray himself as a "aw-shucks" guy with a log cabin constituency. The voters bought it.
The CAMPAIGN in 1840.
The WHIGS were handed a wonderful gift at the beginning of the 1840 campaign when a newspaper article ridiculed Harrison, saying he should be given a barrel of hard cider and allowed to sit in his log cabin beside the fire. The WHIGS seized on this and turned it to advantage, portraying Harrison as a man of the people. In almost no time, Harrison became the "log cabin and hard cider" candidate, a guy who hung out with the coonskin cap boys, plowed the back forty with his own hands, and was always ready to raise a glass of cider. Never mind his Virginia ancestry and ownership of at least 2,000 acres - he was now a man of the people. The log cabin symbol was everywhere: There were log-cabin-shaped newspapers, songbooks, pamphlets, and badges. You could buy Log Cabin Emollient or whiskey in log-cabin-shaped bottles from the E.C. Booz distillery (incidentally, this is how the word "booze" entered the English language).
Harrison was the first candidate to have a campaign slogan. His slogan was "Tippecanoe and Tyler, too." He was commander of U.S. forces when they defeated the Native Americans at Tippecanoe, in the Indiana Territory on November 7, 1811. The leader of the Indians was not Tecumseh, but his half brother Tenskwatawa. Tecumseh was killed in a later battle. Tyler was the name of his VP.
The Democrts protested that Harrison wasn't born in a log cabin, didn't drink hard cider, and, when you came right down to it he wasn't much of a war hero, (a mediocre strategist, Harrison sustained heavy casualties at Tippecanoe). It didn't do a bit of good as the WHIGS charged forward yelling "Tippecanue and Tyler, too."
The WINNER was WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON.
Harrison got 1,275,390 popular votes and 234 electoral votes.
Van Buren got 1,128,854 popular votes and only 60 electoral votes.
On a cold, blustery March 4, 1841, Harrison delivered the longest inaugural address of all the presidents (8,445 words and 105 minutes) wearing neither a hat or coat. He came down with a cold, developed pneumonia, and died on April 4, 1841, after one month in office. It was the shortest presidency in our history. He was succeeded by his VP, John Tyler.
A part of American folklore is that Native-Americans Tecumseh or his half-brother Tenskwatawa, put a curse on American presidents elected in the zero years. The curse has some validity - look at the following:
- Harrison, elected in 1840, died after one month.
- Lincoln, elected in 1860, was assassinated in 1865.
- Garfield, elected in 1880, was assassinated in 1881.
- McKinley, reeledcted in 1900, was assassinated in 1901.
- Harding, elected in 1920, died of natural causes in 1923.
- FDR, reelected in 1940, died of natural causes in 1945.
- JFK, elected in 1960, was assassinated in 1963.
- Reagan, elected in 1980, survived an assassination attempt in 1981.
But George W. Bush broke the curse, he was elected in 2000 and served all eight years.
(My comment about this election. One thing I've observed about human behavior in my life is that no matter what the TRUTH is, it is, many times, what people THINK the TRUTH is that counts. This 1840 election is a good example. People wanted to believe that Harrison was born in a log cabin, drank hard cider, was one of the coonskin cap boys, and plowed the back forty with his own hands, even though none of it was true. It proves my point.)
DEMOCRAT: MARTIN VAN BUREN.
Van Buren was screwed from day one as far as getting reelected. His four years in office were an economic disaster. The recession was caused, in large part, by Jackson vetoing the Bank of the United States rechartering bill passed by Congress. The government was now depositing the money in Jackson's "pet banks" - run by his cronies, instead of the Bank of the United States, which Jackson had gutted. These pet banks were making large loans to speculaters, and add to this vicious high inflation, a crop failure in 1835, and a new "hard money" law forcing banks to repay money borrowed from the government in specie rather than currency. By the summer of 1837 America's economic life had ground to a standstill. The panic would last several years, forcing factories to close and sending families to beg on the streets. Van Buren was a decent guy but didn't know how to handle an economic crisis. The first cartoon portraying the Democratic Party as a donkey appeared during this election. Jackson rode the beast, Van Buren walked behind it, hat in hand, saying, "I shall tread in the footsteps of my illustrious predecessor."
Once again the Democrats held their nominating convention in Baltimore. Van Buren was easily renominated but there was a squabble again over Richard Johnson, his VP. Many Democrates balked at Johnson for "openly and shamefully living in adultery with a buxom negro," But in the end he was renominated.
WHIG: WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON.
The WHIGS held their first nominating convention in 1839, in Harrisburg, PA. Henry Clay wanted to be the nominee but because he was a Mason, the Antomasons in the Whig Party would not support him. So they settled on William Henry Harrison, who had done well in the 1836 election. And his reputation as a war hero still inspired a great deal of loyalty and even though he was a Virginia aristocrat he managed to portray himself as a "aw-shucks" guy with a log cabin constituency. The voters bought it.
The CAMPAIGN in 1840.
The WHIGS were handed a wonderful gift at the beginning of the 1840 campaign when a newspaper article ridiculed Harrison, saying he should be given a barrel of hard cider and allowed to sit in his log cabin beside the fire. The WHIGS seized on this and turned it to advantage, portraying Harrison as a man of the people. In almost no time, Harrison became the "log cabin and hard cider" candidate, a guy who hung out with the coonskin cap boys, plowed the back forty with his own hands, and was always ready to raise a glass of cider. Never mind his Virginia ancestry and ownership of at least 2,000 acres - he was now a man of the people. The log cabin symbol was everywhere: There were log-cabin-shaped newspapers, songbooks, pamphlets, and badges. You could buy Log Cabin Emollient or whiskey in log-cabin-shaped bottles from the E.C. Booz distillery (incidentally, this is how the word "booze" entered the English language).
Harrison was the first candidate to have a campaign slogan. His slogan was "Tippecanoe and Tyler, too." He was commander of U.S. forces when they defeated the Native Americans at Tippecanoe, in the Indiana Territory on November 7, 1811. The leader of the Indians was not Tecumseh, but his half brother Tenskwatawa. Tecumseh was killed in a later battle. Tyler was the name of his VP.
The Democrts protested that Harrison wasn't born in a log cabin, didn't drink hard cider, and, when you came right down to it he wasn't much of a war hero, (a mediocre strategist, Harrison sustained heavy casualties at Tippecanoe). It didn't do a bit of good as the WHIGS charged forward yelling "Tippecanue and Tyler, too."
The WINNER was WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON.
Harrison got 1,275,390 popular votes and 234 electoral votes.
Van Buren got 1,128,854 popular votes and only 60 electoral votes.
On a cold, blustery March 4, 1841, Harrison delivered the longest inaugural address of all the presidents (8,445 words and 105 minutes) wearing neither a hat or coat. He came down with a cold, developed pneumonia, and died on April 4, 1841, after one month in office. It was the shortest presidency in our history. He was succeeded by his VP, John Tyler.
A part of American folklore is that Native-Americans Tecumseh or his half-brother Tenskwatawa, put a curse on American presidents elected in the zero years. The curse has some validity - look at the following:
- Harrison, elected in 1840, died after one month.
- Lincoln, elected in 1860, was assassinated in 1865.
- Garfield, elected in 1880, was assassinated in 1881.
- McKinley, reeledcted in 1900, was assassinated in 1901.
- Harding, elected in 1920, died of natural causes in 1923.
- FDR, reelected in 1940, died of natural causes in 1945.
- JFK, elected in 1960, was assassinated in 1963.
- Reagan, elected in 1980, survived an assassination attempt in 1981.
But George W. Bush broke the curse, he was elected in 2000 and served all eight years.
(My comment about this election. One thing I've observed about human behavior in my life is that no matter what the TRUTH is, it is, many times, what people THINK the TRUTH is that counts. This 1840 election is a good example. People wanted to believe that Harrison was born in a log cabin, drank hard cider, was one of the coonskin cap boys, and plowed the back forty with his own hands, even though none of it was true. It proves my point.)
Wednesday, November 30, 2011
ELECTION #13, 1836. The NASTY-METER is 4.
QUOTE from Davy Crockett in 1835: "Van Buren is as opposite to President Jackson as dung is to a diamond."
Jackson followed the tradition of leaving office after two terms and made sure the Democrats nominated his VP, Martin Van Buren, to be his successor. At the Democratic national convention in Baltimore Van Buren was unanimously selected as the nominee. However, there was some problems when Jackson tried to push through Richard M. Johnson as the VP candidate. Johnson was a friend of Jackson's and a fellow hero of the War of 1812. But Johnson's problem for some of the delegates was that he had openly lived with a black woman and had two daughters with her. Because Johnson actually had the nerve to present his family in public, he was reviled by Southern Democrats who "hissed most ungraciously" when his name was presented. But he did get the nomination.
The National Republicans had coalesced into a new party. The name of the new party was WHIGS. The Whigs were composed of the Republicans, Antimasons, and disaffected Democrats. They all had something in common in that they hated Andrew Jackson and his policies and anybody who had anything to do with him. That meant they hated Van Buren because he had been VP under Jackson.
ELECTION #13, 1836. The CANDIDATES.
DEMOCRAT: MARTIN VAN BUREN. Martin was 53, former governor of N.Y, former Senator from N.Y., and VP under Andrew Jackson from 1832 - 1837. His greatest asset in running for president was his loyalty to Jackson, whom he served well as VP, and his political astuteness. (which is how he earned the nickname "Little Magician."
WHIGS: The Whigs ran four candidates against Van Buren and Johnson. They did this on purpose to try and keep Van Buren from getting a majority in the electoral college and forcing the election into the House of Representatives. The four Whig candidates were:
William Henry Harrison of Ohio; Daniel Webster of Massachusetts; Hugh White of Tennessee; and W.P. Mangum of North Carolina.
William Henry Harrison was the best known. He had been a congressman and senator from Ohio, and was a hero of the War of 1812 and he had destroyed the Shawnee Indians at the Battle of Tippecanoe which earned him the nickname "Old Tip." He ended up getting the most Whig votes.
The CAMPAIGN in 1836.
The Whigs tore into Van Buren. They wrote that he was "the fox prowling near the barn, the mole burrowing near the ground, the pilot fish who plunges deep in the ocean in one spot and comes up in another to breathe the air." Then ran a cartoon showing Van Buren and Harrison, both bare-chested and boxing. Van Buren was getting the worst of it and is yelling to Andrew Jackson, "Stand by me Old Hickory or I'm a gone Chicken."
The Democrats didn't get too nasty towards these four Whigs. They did call them "Federalists, nullifiers, and bank men." A big advantage for the Democrats was they had superb state organizations in every state. The 1836 contest was not so much about Van Buren and the Whig candidates but about Jackson. If you liked Jackson, you voted for Van Buren. If not, you had a choice of four Whigs.
The WINNER was MARTIN VAN BUREN.
It was an easy victory for Van Buren. He got 764,176 votes. That was more than the four Whigs combined - their combined total was 738,128. But Harrison had the most Whig votes with 550,816 and that was encouraging for the Whigs when thinking about 1840.
The electoral votes were:
Van Buren with 170; Harrison with 73; White with 26; Webster with 14; Mangum with 11.
Davy Crockett hated Van Buren and was the attack dog for the Whigs. (He would be equivalent to the modern day attack dogs of Ann Coulter and Rush Limbaugh.) Crockett had this to say about Van Buren, "Martin Van Buren is laced up in corsets, such as women in a town wear, and if possible tighter than the best of them. It would be difficult to say from his personal appearance, whether he was a man or a woman, but for his large red and gray whiskers."
And one last word from Andrew Jackson. After he was out of office he told a friend, "I have only two regrets. One, I should have shot Henry Clay" (the corrupt bargain guy). Two, it would have been nice if I'd had a chance to hang John C. Calhoun" (his first vice-president who resigned in 1832)
(We may have some ex-presidents who think that way today but I doubt if they would say it to anybody or send an email.)
Jackson followed the tradition of leaving office after two terms and made sure the Democrats nominated his VP, Martin Van Buren, to be his successor. At the Democratic national convention in Baltimore Van Buren was unanimously selected as the nominee. However, there was some problems when Jackson tried to push through Richard M. Johnson as the VP candidate. Johnson was a friend of Jackson's and a fellow hero of the War of 1812. But Johnson's problem for some of the delegates was that he had openly lived with a black woman and had two daughters with her. Because Johnson actually had the nerve to present his family in public, he was reviled by Southern Democrats who "hissed most ungraciously" when his name was presented. But he did get the nomination.
The National Republicans had coalesced into a new party. The name of the new party was WHIGS. The Whigs were composed of the Republicans, Antimasons, and disaffected Democrats. They all had something in common in that they hated Andrew Jackson and his policies and anybody who had anything to do with him. That meant they hated Van Buren because he had been VP under Jackson.
ELECTION #13, 1836. The CANDIDATES.
DEMOCRAT: MARTIN VAN BUREN. Martin was 53, former governor of N.Y, former Senator from N.Y., and VP under Andrew Jackson from 1832 - 1837. His greatest asset in running for president was his loyalty to Jackson, whom he served well as VP, and his political astuteness. (which is how he earned the nickname "Little Magician."
WHIGS: The Whigs ran four candidates against Van Buren and Johnson. They did this on purpose to try and keep Van Buren from getting a majority in the electoral college and forcing the election into the House of Representatives. The four Whig candidates were:
William Henry Harrison of Ohio; Daniel Webster of Massachusetts; Hugh White of Tennessee; and W.P. Mangum of North Carolina.
William Henry Harrison was the best known. He had been a congressman and senator from Ohio, and was a hero of the War of 1812 and he had destroyed the Shawnee Indians at the Battle of Tippecanoe which earned him the nickname "Old Tip." He ended up getting the most Whig votes.
The CAMPAIGN in 1836.
The Whigs tore into Van Buren. They wrote that he was "the fox prowling near the barn, the mole burrowing near the ground, the pilot fish who plunges deep in the ocean in one spot and comes up in another to breathe the air." Then ran a cartoon showing Van Buren and Harrison, both bare-chested and boxing. Van Buren was getting the worst of it and is yelling to Andrew Jackson, "Stand by me Old Hickory or I'm a gone Chicken."
The Democrats didn't get too nasty towards these four Whigs. They did call them "Federalists, nullifiers, and bank men." A big advantage for the Democrats was they had superb state organizations in every state. The 1836 contest was not so much about Van Buren and the Whig candidates but about Jackson. If you liked Jackson, you voted for Van Buren. If not, you had a choice of four Whigs.
The WINNER was MARTIN VAN BUREN.
It was an easy victory for Van Buren. He got 764,176 votes. That was more than the four Whigs combined - their combined total was 738,128. But Harrison had the most Whig votes with 550,816 and that was encouraging for the Whigs when thinking about 1840.
The electoral votes were:
Van Buren with 170; Harrison with 73; White with 26; Webster with 14; Mangum with 11.
Davy Crockett hated Van Buren and was the attack dog for the Whigs. (He would be equivalent to the modern day attack dogs of Ann Coulter and Rush Limbaugh.) Crockett had this to say about Van Buren, "Martin Van Buren is laced up in corsets, such as women in a town wear, and if possible tighter than the best of them. It would be difficult to say from his personal appearance, whether he was a man or a woman, but for his large red and gray whiskers."
And one last word from Andrew Jackson. After he was out of office he told a friend, "I have only two regrets. One, I should have shot Henry Clay" (the corrupt bargain guy). Two, it would have been nice if I'd had a chance to hang John C. Calhoun" (his first vice-president who resigned in 1832)
(We may have some ex-presidents who think that way today but I doubt if they would say it to anybody or send an email.)
Tuesday, November 29, 2011
ELECTION #12. 1832. The NASTY-METER is 5.
QUOTE from an Anti-Jackson headline: "The king upon the throne: The people in the dust."
Jackson was the first president to be born in a log cabin. He looked at himself as the champion of the common man, but his enemies in the 1832 election claimed he was a dictator. By the way, Jackson did pay for the damage to the White House caused by the ANIMAL HOUSE-style antics of his supporters at his inauguration.
The 1832 election would change the political landscape by introducing the first national party conventions. The first party to do so was held by the Antimasons, a party that had sprung up in opposition to such powerful secret societies as the Masons. They were the first to introduce such features as the party platform and rules committee. Their candidate was a guy named William Wirt.
ELECTION #12, 1832. The CANDIDATES.
DEMOCRAT: ANDREW JACKSON. The Democrats met in a hotel saloon in Baltimore in May, 1832, and naturally renominated Jackson. Jackson picked Martin Van Buren as his VP. The Democrats came up with an innovation which declared that the majority of delegates from each state would henceforth designate the single nominee.
NATIONAL-REPUBLICAN: HENRY CLAY. The National-Republicans-soon to start calling themselves the WHIGS-nominated Congressman Henry Clay (and former Secretary of State under John Quincy Adams, do you remember the "Corrupt Bargain".) Former Attorney General John Sergeant was the VP candidate.
(Clay of Kentucky and Jackson of Tennessee had a couple of things in common. First, they hated each other and second, they both had been involved in duels. Clay had fought one against Senator John Randolph, while Jackson had anywhere from two to a hundred or more. (His opponents claimed he had over a hundred.)
The CAMPAIGN in 1832.
The Republicans ran cartoons depicting Jackson as a pig about to be devoured at a barbecue by a ravenous Clay. They also depicted Jackson playing cards with Clay and Wirt - Jackson's cards read "Intrigue," "Corruption," and "Imbecility." He was also depicted as a king with a crown, sceptor and royal robes, stomping on the Constitution and the Bank Charter, under the heading "Born to Command."
The main issue in the campaign was what to do with the Bank of the United States. It had been established by Alexander Hamilton, the first Secretary of the Treasury. The purpose of the bank was to accept revenue deposits to fund the national debt and issue paper money. Jackson hated paper money, (he liked coins that clinked in your pocket), he hated the Bank of the U.S. and he especially hated the president of the Bank, Nicholas Biddle, who was a Republican old-money man. Jackson felt the bank was an elitist institution with too much power, one that made "the rich richer and the potent more powerful." (That sounds a little familiar to me as I think of the Wall Street Banks of today.)
When Congress voted to recharter the Bank of the U.S. in 1832 Jackson vetoed it. He moved the money into state-chartered banks. The Republicans attacked Jackson by calling him King Andrew I. They called him "deranged" and attacked him for traveling on Sunday.
But Jackson didn't back down. He called paper money "wretched rag money," He branded Nicholas Biddle as Czar Nick. That is probably the reason Biddle used funds (tax money deposited there by the U.S. government)from the Bank of the U.S. to support Jackson's enemies, including Henry Clay.
The WINNER was ANDREW JACKSON.
Jackson won in a landslide with 701,780 popular votes to 484,205 for Henry Clay. Jackson got 219 electoral votes to 49 for Clay. William Wirt got 7 electoral votes and a guy named Floyd got 11 electoral votes.
JACKSON'S LEGACY.
Andrew Jackson was a wildly popular president. He was widely seen as representing and espousing the cause of the common man. He set out to reform government; one of his goals was to reduce the national debt, which he did. He also issued the Nullification Proclamation in 1832, reaffirming the states were forbidden to nullify federal laws.
The biggest negative in his eight year presidency was the Indian Removal Act, passed by Congress in 1830. What it did was authorize the forcible removal of various Indian tribes to lands west of the Mississippi River. From 1835 t0 1838, the Creek and Cherokee are moved west along the "Trail of Tears" and nearly one-quarter of them die along the way from drought, cold, and disease. The Black Hawk War of 1832, in Illinois, was another effort to push tribes westward. It was precipitated when the Sauk and Fox tribes left the Iowa Territory to return to Illinois. They were attacked and defeated by the US army and militia.(I believe Abraham Lincoln fought in this war.)
Jackson had a hell of a temper and he could be cold, unbending, and given to fits of rage. Often times his opponents would give into him because they were afraid of his temper. In many ways, he was a hollow man without his beloved Rachel who had died of a heart attack shortly before his first inauguration in March of 1829.
Jackson was the first president to be born in a log cabin. He looked at himself as the champion of the common man, but his enemies in the 1832 election claimed he was a dictator. By the way, Jackson did pay for the damage to the White House caused by the ANIMAL HOUSE-style antics of his supporters at his inauguration.
The 1832 election would change the political landscape by introducing the first national party conventions. The first party to do so was held by the Antimasons, a party that had sprung up in opposition to such powerful secret societies as the Masons. They were the first to introduce such features as the party platform and rules committee. Their candidate was a guy named William Wirt.
ELECTION #12, 1832. The CANDIDATES.
DEMOCRAT: ANDREW JACKSON. The Democrats met in a hotel saloon in Baltimore in May, 1832, and naturally renominated Jackson. Jackson picked Martin Van Buren as his VP. The Democrats came up with an innovation which declared that the majority of delegates from each state would henceforth designate the single nominee.
NATIONAL-REPUBLICAN: HENRY CLAY. The National-Republicans-soon to start calling themselves the WHIGS-nominated Congressman Henry Clay (and former Secretary of State under John Quincy Adams, do you remember the "Corrupt Bargain".) Former Attorney General John Sergeant was the VP candidate.
(Clay of Kentucky and Jackson of Tennessee had a couple of things in common. First, they hated each other and second, they both had been involved in duels. Clay had fought one against Senator John Randolph, while Jackson had anywhere from two to a hundred or more. (His opponents claimed he had over a hundred.)
The CAMPAIGN in 1832.
The Republicans ran cartoons depicting Jackson as a pig about to be devoured at a barbecue by a ravenous Clay. They also depicted Jackson playing cards with Clay and Wirt - Jackson's cards read "Intrigue," "Corruption," and "Imbecility." He was also depicted as a king with a crown, sceptor and royal robes, stomping on the Constitution and the Bank Charter, under the heading "Born to Command."
The main issue in the campaign was what to do with the Bank of the United States. It had been established by Alexander Hamilton, the first Secretary of the Treasury. The purpose of the bank was to accept revenue deposits to fund the national debt and issue paper money. Jackson hated paper money, (he liked coins that clinked in your pocket), he hated the Bank of the U.S. and he especially hated the president of the Bank, Nicholas Biddle, who was a Republican old-money man. Jackson felt the bank was an elitist institution with too much power, one that made "the rich richer and the potent more powerful." (That sounds a little familiar to me as I think of the Wall Street Banks of today.)
When Congress voted to recharter the Bank of the U.S. in 1832 Jackson vetoed it. He moved the money into state-chartered banks. The Republicans attacked Jackson by calling him King Andrew I. They called him "deranged" and attacked him for traveling on Sunday.
But Jackson didn't back down. He called paper money "wretched rag money," He branded Nicholas Biddle as Czar Nick. That is probably the reason Biddle used funds (tax money deposited there by the U.S. government)from the Bank of the U.S. to support Jackson's enemies, including Henry Clay.
The WINNER was ANDREW JACKSON.
Jackson won in a landslide with 701,780 popular votes to 484,205 for Henry Clay. Jackson got 219 electoral votes to 49 for Clay. William Wirt got 7 electoral votes and a guy named Floyd got 11 electoral votes.
JACKSON'S LEGACY.
Andrew Jackson was a wildly popular president. He was widely seen as representing and espousing the cause of the common man. He set out to reform government; one of his goals was to reduce the national debt, which he did. He also issued the Nullification Proclamation in 1832, reaffirming the states were forbidden to nullify federal laws.
The biggest negative in his eight year presidency was the Indian Removal Act, passed by Congress in 1830. What it did was authorize the forcible removal of various Indian tribes to lands west of the Mississippi River. From 1835 t0 1838, the Creek and Cherokee are moved west along the "Trail of Tears" and nearly one-quarter of them die along the way from drought, cold, and disease. The Black Hawk War of 1832, in Illinois, was another effort to push tribes westward. It was precipitated when the Sauk and Fox tribes left the Iowa Territory to return to Illinois. They were attacked and defeated by the US army and militia.(I believe Abraham Lincoln fought in this war.)
Jackson had a hell of a temper and he could be cold, unbending, and given to fits of rage. Often times his opponents would give into him because they were afraid of his temper. In many ways, he was a hollow man without his beloved Rachel who had died of a heart attack shortly before his first inauguration in March of 1829.
Friday, November 11, 2011
ELECTION #11, 1828. The NASTY-METER goes to 9/10..
QUOTE from Andrew Jackson: "There are no necessay evils in government. Its evils exist only in its abuses."
Before I write about the election of 1828 I want to add two interesting bits of early American history.
The first one is from the 1800 election. In that election Republican Thomas Jefferson defeated Federalist John Adams. After that election, a Federalist writer decided that his party's defeat could be blamed on the MEDIA, which (in his opinion) clearly favored the Republican Party.
(Does that sound familiar or does that sound familiar? The MEDIA was a scapegoat/whipping boy then and it still is today. Some things never change, do they?)
The second bit of trivia is good for a laugh and should make women who are reading this proud for how the lady in the story stood up for herself and got her way. This story is from the John Quincy Adams presidency.
John Quincy liked to rise before dawn and do some exercising. Sometimes he walked or rode, and sometimes he went down to the Potomac River for a swim. The only thing is he liked to take off his clothes and swim in the nude. On one occasion, female reporter Anne Royal followed him and sat on his clothes, refusing to move until he agreed to an interview. She got the interview and became the first woman to interview a president, a naked one at that.
Now it's time to get to the ELECTION of 1828.
(I haven't written anything for two weeks. Ruth Ann and I went to Denmark to see our son.)
The campaign for the 1828 presidency began immediately after John Quincy Adams was elected president in 1824. Jackson was angry and he was not a guy you wanted to piss off. Jackson was convinced the "corrupt bargain" Adams entered into with Henry Clay had given the presidency to Adams. The Tennessee delegation eagerly nominated Jackson for president as early as 1825. Jackson resigned his Senate seat and started campaigning.
Adam's presidency was a disaster, one biographer said, "It was a hapless failure and best forgotten." In fairness to Adams he had to endure constant criticism from Jackson and even his own vice-president, John C. Calhoun. He came to feel he was surrounded by "conspirators," including a spiteful opposition in Congress.
With so much strife the Democratic-Republican Party split in to two factions. The old-line Republicans, the wealthy merchants and the landed aristocracy stayed with Adams. Those supporting Jackson were the western small farmers and the eastern laboring group. They first called themselves "Friends of Andrew Jackson," then "Democratic-Republicans," and finally just "Democrats." It is the same Democratic Party we have today.
The CANDIDATES.
ANDREW JACKSON - age 61 - Democratic-Republican. Jackson was driven by a belief that the presidency was stolen from him in 1824, as well as a sincere, life-long desire to wrest power from the privileged and place it in the hands of the people.Jackson envisioned himself as a president for the common man.
JOHN QUINCY ADAMS - age 61 - National-Republican.
It was possible Adams was running for president just for the sheer stubborn pride of it, because the previous four years had been no picnic. John Quincy was the first president to be threatened by an assassin. In those days any citizen could walk into the White House to see the president. We have to give him credit for meeting with the guy and giving him a stern lecture.
The CAMPAIGN.
It was as NASTY and MALICIOUS as it could get. The campaign began in September of 1827, when both candidates were nominated by a series of special state nominating conventions and mass meetings. (There were still no national nominating comventions as of 1828.)
Jackson's supporters attacked bigtime.
They spread rumors about Adam's foreign wife (Louisa was from England.)
Adams was accused of putting gambling furniture in the White House when he bought (with his own money) a billiard table and ivory chessmen.
They called Adams a monarchist and anti-religious because he traveled on Sundays.
He was smeared for his association with Secretary of State Henry Clay (remember the "Corrupt Bargain). One reporter referred to Clay as "a shyster, pettifagging in a bastard suit before a country squire (Adams).
The National Republicans (Adams supporters) went after Jackson in a big way also.
They claimed Jackson was a dictator, blood thirsty, and merciless.
They claimed Jackson couldn't spell (he supposedly spelled Europe as Urope.)
They published a pamphlet about Jackson's younger days, describing all of his fights, duels, brawls, and shoot-outs.
And the pamphlet described Jackson as an adulterer, a gambler, a cockfighter, a slave trader, a drundard, a thief, a liar, and the husband of a really fat wife. (There's not much left, is there?)
In 1791 Jackson married Rachel Robards whom he thought was divorced from Jason, her abusive husband. But the divorce papers were not finalized, so Jackson and Rachel remarried in 1794 just to make everything legal. Because of this history the National Republicans went after her also. They called her a "whore" and a "dirty, black wench" who was given to "open and notorious lewdness." The Cincinnatti Gazette asked, "Ought a convicted adulteress and her paramous husband be placed in the highest office of this free and Christian land?"
Rachel took these attacks personally and with excess weight and other health problems, she died of a heart attack in December of 1828. Jackson grieved profoundly and at her funeral he said, "In the presence of this dear saint I can and do forgive all my enemies. But the vile wretches who have slandered Rachel must look to God for mercy.(They weren't going to get any mercy from Jackson.)
The WINNER was ANDREW JACKSON
In different states from September to November voting took place. Jackson got 642,553 votes to 500,897 for Adams. Electoral votes were Jackson with 178 and Adams with 83. At the inauguration in March, 1829, huge crowds of common people came from hundreds of miles to view this historic day. His supporters surged into the White Housem wiped their feet on delicate rugs, broke antique chairs, and ate and drank everything in sight. Thousands of dollars worth of glass and China were broken, fights broke out, and women feared for their virues. In the end, the exhausted Jackson sneaked out a back door of the White House and went to a local inn to get some sleep.
(As nasty as some of our campaigns have been in the 20th and 21st century I don't think any of them have been as bad as the 1828 one was. At least they haven't been as vicious in a personal way. I guess we have made a little progress in civility in our campaigns.)
Before I write about the election of 1828 I want to add two interesting bits of early American history.
The first one is from the 1800 election. In that election Republican Thomas Jefferson defeated Federalist John Adams. After that election, a Federalist writer decided that his party's defeat could be blamed on the MEDIA, which (in his opinion) clearly favored the Republican Party.
(Does that sound familiar or does that sound familiar? The MEDIA was a scapegoat/whipping boy then and it still is today. Some things never change, do they?)
The second bit of trivia is good for a laugh and should make women who are reading this proud for how the lady in the story stood up for herself and got her way. This story is from the John Quincy Adams presidency.
John Quincy liked to rise before dawn and do some exercising. Sometimes he walked or rode, and sometimes he went down to the Potomac River for a swim. The only thing is he liked to take off his clothes and swim in the nude. On one occasion, female reporter Anne Royal followed him and sat on his clothes, refusing to move until he agreed to an interview. She got the interview and became the first woman to interview a president, a naked one at that.
Now it's time to get to the ELECTION of 1828.
(I haven't written anything for two weeks. Ruth Ann and I went to Denmark to see our son.)
The campaign for the 1828 presidency began immediately after John Quincy Adams was elected president in 1824. Jackson was angry and he was not a guy you wanted to piss off. Jackson was convinced the "corrupt bargain" Adams entered into with Henry Clay had given the presidency to Adams. The Tennessee delegation eagerly nominated Jackson for president as early as 1825. Jackson resigned his Senate seat and started campaigning.
Adam's presidency was a disaster, one biographer said, "It was a hapless failure and best forgotten." In fairness to Adams he had to endure constant criticism from Jackson and even his own vice-president, John C. Calhoun. He came to feel he was surrounded by "conspirators," including a spiteful opposition in Congress.
With so much strife the Democratic-Republican Party split in to two factions. The old-line Republicans, the wealthy merchants and the landed aristocracy stayed with Adams. Those supporting Jackson were the western small farmers and the eastern laboring group. They first called themselves "Friends of Andrew Jackson," then "Democratic-Republicans," and finally just "Democrats." It is the same Democratic Party we have today.
The CANDIDATES.
ANDREW JACKSON - age 61 - Democratic-Republican. Jackson was driven by a belief that the presidency was stolen from him in 1824, as well as a sincere, life-long desire to wrest power from the privileged and place it in the hands of the people.Jackson envisioned himself as a president for the common man.
JOHN QUINCY ADAMS - age 61 - National-Republican.
It was possible Adams was running for president just for the sheer stubborn pride of it, because the previous four years had been no picnic. John Quincy was the first president to be threatened by an assassin. In those days any citizen could walk into the White House to see the president. We have to give him credit for meeting with the guy and giving him a stern lecture.
The CAMPAIGN.
It was as NASTY and MALICIOUS as it could get. The campaign began in September of 1827, when both candidates were nominated by a series of special state nominating conventions and mass meetings. (There were still no national nominating comventions as of 1828.)
Jackson's supporters attacked bigtime.
They spread rumors about Adam's foreign wife (Louisa was from England.)
Adams was accused of putting gambling furniture in the White House when he bought (with his own money) a billiard table and ivory chessmen.
They called Adams a monarchist and anti-religious because he traveled on Sundays.
He was smeared for his association with Secretary of State Henry Clay (remember the "Corrupt Bargain). One reporter referred to Clay as "a shyster, pettifagging in a bastard suit before a country squire (Adams).
The National Republicans (Adams supporters) went after Jackson in a big way also.
They claimed Jackson was a dictator, blood thirsty, and merciless.
They claimed Jackson couldn't spell (he supposedly spelled Europe as Urope.)
They published a pamphlet about Jackson's younger days, describing all of his fights, duels, brawls, and shoot-outs.
And the pamphlet described Jackson as an adulterer, a gambler, a cockfighter, a slave trader, a drundard, a thief, a liar, and the husband of a really fat wife. (There's not much left, is there?)
In 1791 Jackson married Rachel Robards whom he thought was divorced from Jason, her abusive husband. But the divorce papers were not finalized, so Jackson and Rachel remarried in 1794 just to make everything legal. Because of this history the National Republicans went after her also. They called her a "whore" and a "dirty, black wench" who was given to "open and notorious lewdness." The Cincinnatti Gazette asked, "Ought a convicted adulteress and her paramous husband be placed in the highest office of this free and Christian land?"
Rachel took these attacks personally and with excess weight and other health problems, she died of a heart attack in December of 1828. Jackson grieved profoundly and at her funeral he said, "In the presence of this dear saint I can and do forgive all my enemies. But the vile wretches who have slandered Rachel must look to God for mercy.(They weren't going to get any mercy from Jackson.)
The WINNER was ANDREW JACKSON
In different states from September to November voting took place. Jackson got 642,553 votes to 500,897 for Adams. Electoral votes were Jackson with 178 and Adams with 83. At the inauguration in March, 1829, huge crowds of common people came from hundreds of miles to view this historic day. His supporters surged into the White Housem wiped their feet on delicate rugs, broke antique chairs, and ate and drank everything in sight. Thousands of dollars worth of glass and China were broken, fights broke out, and women feared for their virues. In the end, the exhausted Jackson sneaked out a back door of the White House and went to a local inn to get some sleep.
(As nasty as some of our campaigns have been in the 20th and 21st century I don't think any of them have been as bad as the 1828 one was. At least they haven't been as vicious in a personal way. I guess we have made a little progress in civility in our campaigns.)
Monday, November 7, 2011
ELECTION #10. 1824. The NASTY-METER jumps to 6.
QUOTE from John Quincy Adams: "Every liar and columniator was at work day and night to destroy my reputation."
CHANGE CAME TO AMERICA IN THE 1824 ELECTION.
1. Residents of the new western states of Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, and Illinois wanted the people to be more involved in choosing the presidential candidates instead of having the nominee picked by a bunch of Congressional elitists from Virginia and other east coast states. As a result, for the first time, 18 of the 24 states in 1824 let the people vote on who they wanted their presidential candidate to be. This meant that the electors would no longer be chosen by the state legislatures. It is the same system we have today - when we vote for president we are actually voting for electors. Most electors today are chosen by their political party at state conventions.
2. Our democracy was improving but we had a long way to go. People were finally getting some say in who the presidential candidates would be (I should amend that and say "some people.") Women and slaves could not vote so the only people getting to vote were white-skinned men.
ELECTION #10, 1824. The CANDIDATES.
Their were four CANDIDATES and they were all from the Democratic-Republican Party. The Federalists were no longer a viable political party.
ANDREW JACKSON. Jackson was born to poor Irish immigrants on a hard scrabble farm in the boondocks of South Carolina. He was a true "backwoods" candidate which made him very popular in the newer western states. He became a successful lawyer, politician, and general; and had become a national hero by defeating the British in the battle for New Orleans in 1815. He was tall, handsome and ruthless.
JOHN QHINCY ADAMS. Adams was the son of our second president. He was very bright and had had a remarkable career. Up to this time he was our best scretary of state. But he was short, bald, and had a tough time relating to people.
HENRY CLAY. He was a native Kentuckian and a brilliant Speaker of the House, a great compromiser and an ardent partiot. He liked to gamble and was known to hold card games that lasted until all hours.
WILLIAM CRAWFORD. Crawford was a former U.S. Senator, minister to France, secretary of war and secretay of treasury. He was the dream candidate of the establishment Republicans in Congress. They did hold their caucus to pick a candidate and they unanimously chose Crawford. He was good-looking affable, and gregarious - a perfect candidate. But he suffered a stroke before the election that left him paralyzed and nearly blind - that was the straw that broke the camels back for Crawford.
The CAMPAIGN in 1824.
It was NASTY.
Adams was accused of selling future patronage appointments in return for votes. The mud slingers even made fun of the way he dressed - he was not an elegant dresser.
Clay was called a drunkard.
Jackson was accused of murder for having executed mutineers in 1813. Henry Clay said Jackson was a rash and boneheaded military thug for killing 2,500 English soldiers in New Orleans.
Crawford - he still ran even though he was paralyzed- he was accused of malfeasance as treasury secretary.
One politician noted that, "If all these charges were true, our presidents, secretaries, and senators are all traitors and pirates."
The WINNER was John Quincy Adams.
The voting of the electors took place in December - it was a horse race.
Jackson had the most electoral votes with 99 and the most popular votes in the first ever popular vote election with 153,544.
Adams had 84 electoral votes and 108,740 popular votes.
Crawford had 41 electoral votes and 46,618 popular votes.
Clay had 37 electoral votes and 47,136 popular votes.
Nobody had a majority. There were 261 total electoral votes and 131 were needed to become president. With no one having a majority this meant it had to go to the House of Representatives. Each state got one vote. The voting was scheduled for February 9, 1825. The candidates tried to line up support among the congressmen in each state.
Adams was declared the president when 13 states went for him. Jackson got 7 states and Crawford got 4. The reason Adams got 13 states is that Henry Clay pulled out and gave his 3 states of Ohio, Missouri, and Kentucky to Adams. Adams was accused of promising a cabinet position to Clay if he dropped out and gave his 3 states to him. This was known as the "Corrupt Bargain". Adams denied that he ever made a deal.
Jackson's supporters were angry because he had gotten the most popular votes in the first ever popular election and he also got the most electoral votes. They insisted he should be president even if the constitution disagreed. The constitution won out.
AND TO TOP OFF THIS NASTY ELECTION öf 1824 JACKSON HAD SOME FINAL WORDS FOR ADAMS AND CLAY. When Adams announced after the election that Henry Clay would be his secretary of state Jackson made this statement: "So you see, the Judas of the West (Clay) has closed the contract and will receive the thirty pieces of silver. His end will be the same. Was there ever witnessed such a bare-faced corruption in any country before?
CHANGE CAME TO AMERICA IN THE 1824 ELECTION.
1. Residents of the new western states of Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, and Illinois wanted the people to be more involved in choosing the presidential candidates instead of having the nominee picked by a bunch of Congressional elitists from Virginia and other east coast states. As a result, for the first time, 18 of the 24 states in 1824 let the people vote on who they wanted their presidential candidate to be. This meant that the electors would no longer be chosen by the state legislatures. It is the same system we have today - when we vote for president we are actually voting for electors. Most electors today are chosen by their political party at state conventions.
2. Our democracy was improving but we had a long way to go. People were finally getting some say in who the presidential candidates would be (I should amend that and say "some people.") Women and slaves could not vote so the only people getting to vote were white-skinned men.
ELECTION #10, 1824. The CANDIDATES.
Their were four CANDIDATES and they were all from the Democratic-Republican Party. The Federalists were no longer a viable political party.
ANDREW JACKSON. Jackson was born to poor Irish immigrants on a hard scrabble farm in the boondocks of South Carolina. He was a true "backwoods" candidate which made him very popular in the newer western states. He became a successful lawyer, politician, and general; and had become a national hero by defeating the British in the battle for New Orleans in 1815. He was tall, handsome and ruthless.
JOHN QHINCY ADAMS. Adams was the son of our second president. He was very bright and had had a remarkable career. Up to this time he was our best scretary of state. But he was short, bald, and had a tough time relating to people.
HENRY CLAY. He was a native Kentuckian and a brilliant Speaker of the House, a great compromiser and an ardent partiot. He liked to gamble and was known to hold card games that lasted until all hours.
WILLIAM CRAWFORD. Crawford was a former U.S. Senator, minister to France, secretary of war and secretay of treasury. He was the dream candidate of the establishment Republicans in Congress. They did hold their caucus to pick a candidate and they unanimously chose Crawford. He was good-looking affable, and gregarious - a perfect candidate. But he suffered a stroke before the election that left him paralyzed and nearly blind - that was the straw that broke the camels back for Crawford.
The CAMPAIGN in 1824.
It was NASTY.
Adams was accused of selling future patronage appointments in return for votes. The mud slingers even made fun of the way he dressed - he was not an elegant dresser.
Clay was called a drunkard.
Jackson was accused of murder for having executed mutineers in 1813. Henry Clay said Jackson was a rash and boneheaded military thug for killing 2,500 English soldiers in New Orleans.
Crawford - he still ran even though he was paralyzed- he was accused of malfeasance as treasury secretary.
One politician noted that, "If all these charges were true, our presidents, secretaries, and senators are all traitors and pirates."
The WINNER was John Quincy Adams.
The voting of the electors took place in December - it was a horse race.
Jackson had the most electoral votes with 99 and the most popular votes in the first ever popular vote election with 153,544.
Adams had 84 electoral votes and 108,740 popular votes.
Crawford had 41 electoral votes and 46,618 popular votes.
Clay had 37 electoral votes and 47,136 popular votes.
Nobody had a majority. There were 261 total electoral votes and 131 were needed to become president. With no one having a majority this meant it had to go to the House of Representatives. Each state got one vote. The voting was scheduled for February 9, 1825. The candidates tried to line up support among the congressmen in each state.
Adams was declared the president when 13 states went for him. Jackson got 7 states and Crawford got 4. The reason Adams got 13 states is that Henry Clay pulled out and gave his 3 states of Ohio, Missouri, and Kentucky to Adams. Adams was accused of promising a cabinet position to Clay if he dropped out and gave his 3 states to him. This was known as the "Corrupt Bargain". Adams denied that he ever made a deal.
Jackson's supporters were angry because he had gotten the most popular votes in the first ever popular election and he also got the most electoral votes. They insisted he should be president even if the constitution disagreed. The constitution won out.
AND TO TOP OFF THIS NASTY ELECTION öf 1824 JACKSON HAD SOME FINAL WORDS FOR ADAMS AND CLAY. When Adams announced after the election that Henry Clay would be his secretary of state Jackson made this statement: "So you see, the Judas of the West (Clay) has closed the contract and will receive the thirty pieces of silver. His end will be the same. Was there ever witnessed such a bare-faced corruption in any country before?
Friday, November 4, 2011
ELECTION #9, 1820. The NASTY- METER goes back to 1..
QUOTE from James Monroe in his inaugural address in March, 1817: "It is so gratifying to witness the increased harmony of opinion which pervades our Union. Discord does not belong to our system."
ELECTION #9. The CANDIDATE.
The election of 1820 would be the last time a sitting president ran unopposed. The Federalists had ceased to exist. They nominated no one. For the third time - and last - time in our history, a presidential candidate ran unopposed. The first was Washington in 1789 and the second was Washington in 1792.
The CAMPAIGN in 1820.
There was no campaign as James Monroe ran unopposed.
The WINNER was James Monroe.
Monroe received every electoral vote except for one. An elector from New Hampshire gave his one vote to John Quincy Adams (Monroe's secretary of atate) so that George Washington would remain the only president ever elected unanimously by the electoral college.
Monroe's LEGACY.
His legacy as president from March of 1817 to March of 1825 is pretty darn good. In fact, it was so good that historians refer to his eight years in office as the "Era of Good Feelings." Here are the three main reasons why his presidency was so good.
1. In 1818 he signed a new peace treaty with Britain that resolved one of the main issues between the two countries. It limited the size of the naval forces that both countries could use on the Great Lakes. Later in the year they agreed that the US-Canadian border would be the 49th parallel and they would settle the Oregon territory jointly. These agreements provided the basis for the good relationship the US and Britain enjoy to this day.
2. In 1819 he purchased Florida from Spain for $5 million and the border between Louisiana and Mexico was established.
3. His most famous accomplishment in foreign policy was the Monroe Doctrine. During his presidency most all of Latin America colonies rebelled against Spanish rule and became independent countries. Monroe was afraid that some other European countries would try to interfere, or even recolonize the new countries. He consulted with Jefferson and his secretaty of state, John Quincy Adams, to make sure this didn't happen. The result was the Monroe Doctrine. The Doctrine, written by JQ Adams, warned the European nations to stay out of the western hemisphere. It stated that the US wouldn't tolerate any European interference in the newly created nations. In turn, Monroe, pledged to stay out of European affairs. It was passed by Congress in 1823. It became the cornerstone of US foreign policy up to this day.
On the domestic front Monroe had some issues that didn't go quite as smooth as his foreign policy achievements. One of those issues was slavery. There was a major crisis in 1819 when Missouri and Maine applied for statehood. Missouri insisted it be admittled as a slave state - in doing so it would keep the Senate evenly split between slave and free states. The southern states demanded that this be the case. So the Missouri Compromise was worked out admitting Maine as free state and Missouri as a slave state. Monroe, who was a slave owner, sat on the sidelines and let Congress make the compromise - he signed it into law in 1820. It helped postpone further troubles between the North and South for a while.
A second issue was the economy - SOME THINGS NEVER CHANGE - read on. There was economic panic in 1819 -banks failed, mortgages were foreclosed, and unemployment was high. (Does this sound familiar?) Prosperity did not return until 1824 - it took five years. (How long will our present one take? We're going into year four now.)
ELECTION #9. The CANDIDATE.
The election of 1820 would be the last time a sitting president ran unopposed. The Federalists had ceased to exist. They nominated no one. For the third time - and last - time in our history, a presidential candidate ran unopposed. The first was Washington in 1789 and the second was Washington in 1792.
The CAMPAIGN in 1820.
There was no campaign as James Monroe ran unopposed.
The WINNER was James Monroe.
Monroe received every electoral vote except for one. An elector from New Hampshire gave his one vote to John Quincy Adams (Monroe's secretary of atate) so that George Washington would remain the only president ever elected unanimously by the electoral college.
Monroe's LEGACY.
His legacy as president from March of 1817 to March of 1825 is pretty darn good. In fact, it was so good that historians refer to his eight years in office as the "Era of Good Feelings." Here are the three main reasons why his presidency was so good.
1. In 1818 he signed a new peace treaty with Britain that resolved one of the main issues between the two countries. It limited the size of the naval forces that both countries could use on the Great Lakes. Later in the year they agreed that the US-Canadian border would be the 49th parallel and they would settle the Oregon territory jointly. These agreements provided the basis for the good relationship the US and Britain enjoy to this day.
2. In 1819 he purchased Florida from Spain for $5 million and the border between Louisiana and Mexico was established.
3. His most famous accomplishment in foreign policy was the Monroe Doctrine. During his presidency most all of Latin America colonies rebelled against Spanish rule and became independent countries. Monroe was afraid that some other European countries would try to interfere, or even recolonize the new countries. He consulted with Jefferson and his secretaty of state, John Quincy Adams, to make sure this didn't happen. The result was the Monroe Doctrine. The Doctrine, written by JQ Adams, warned the European nations to stay out of the western hemisphere. It stated that the US wouldn't tolerate any European interference in the newly created nations. In turn, Monroe, pledged to stay out of European affairs. It was passed by Congress in 1823. It became the cornerstone of US foreign policy up to this day.
On the domestic front Monroe had some issues that didn't go quite as smooth as his foreign policy achievements. One of those issues was slavery. There was a major crisis in 1819 when Missouri and Maine applied for statehood. Missouri insisted it be admittled as a slave state - in doing so it would keep the Senate evenly split between slave and free states. The southern states demanded that this be the case. So the Missouri Compromise was worked out admitting Maine as free state and Missouri as a slave state. Monroe, who was a slave owner, sat on the sidelines and let Congress make the compromise - he signed it into law in 1820. It helped postpone further troubles between the North and South for a while.
A second issue was the economy - SOME THINGS NEVER CHANGE - read on. There was economic panic in 1819 -banks failed, mortgages were foreclosed, and unemployment was high. (Does this sound familiar?) Prosperity did not return until 1824 - it took five years. (How long will our present one take? We're going into year four now.)
ELECTION # 8, 1816. The NASTY METER stays low at 2.
QUOTE from Rufus King, Federalist candidate for president in 1816: "Monroe had the zealous support of nobody, and he was exempt from the hostility of everybody."
ELECTION #8, 1816. The CANDIDATES.
Madison decided he would abide by Washington's precedent and serve only two terms. Which meant there would be new candidates running for president in 1816. The obvious choice for the Republicans (or Democratic-Republicans) was James Monroe. Monroe had quite a political resume: he had been a member of the Continental Congress from 1783 to 1786; US Senator from 1790-1794; minister to France from 1794-1796; governor of Virginia from 1799-1802; minister to France and England from 1803 to 1807; secretary of state under Madison from 1811-1817; and at the same time serving as acting secretary of war under Madison from 1814-1815. He was a natural to be the Republican candidate for president.
The Federalists were a dying party by 1816. In a half-hearted gesture they nominated Rufus King, their perennial vice-presidential candidate as their candidate.
The CAMPAIGN in 1816.
There was no real campaign to speak of. Rufus King, even before the election was over said. "Federalists our age must be content with the past." (He was so right.) There were a few slams thrown by both sides but nothing like the 1800 campaign.
The WINNER was James Monroe.
There was still no popular voting for president in 1816 - it was only the electoral college that got to vote. It was a landslide for Monroe - he got 183 electoral votes and King got 34.
ELECTION #8, 1816. The CANDIDATES.
Madison decided he would abide by Washington's precedent and serve only two terms. Which meant there would be new candidates running for president in 1816. The obvious choice for the Republicans (or Democratic-Republicans) was James Monroe. Monroe had quite a political resume: he had been a member of the Continental Congress from 1783 to 1786; US Senator from 1790-1794; minister to France from 1794-1796; governor of Virginia from 1799-1802; minister to France and England from 1803 to 1807; secretary of state under Madison from 1811-1817; and at the same time serving as acting secretary of war under Madison from 1814-1815. He was a natural to be the Republican candidate for president.
The Federalists were a dying party by 1816. In a half-hearted gesture they nominated Rufus King, their perennial vice-presidential candidate as their candidate.
The CAMPAIGN in 1816.
There was no real campaign to speak of. Rufus King, even before the election was over said. "Federalists our age must be content with the past." (He was so right.) There were a few slams thrown by both sides but nothing like the 1800 campaign.
The WINNER was James Monroe.
There was still no popular voting for president in 1816 - it was only the electoral college that got to vote. It was a landslide for Monroe - he got 183 electoral votes and King got 34.
Thursday, November 3, 2011
ELECTION #7, 1812. The NASTY-METER stays at 2.
QUOTE from Dolley Payne Todd when she was being pursued by James Madison in 1794. She called James the "great little Madison." Madison was introduced to Dolley by Aaron Burr in May, 1794. She must have liked the "great little Madison" because she married him in September, 1794. Dolley was a Quaker and James was an Episcopalian. Dolley was "read-out" of the Quaker meeting (expelled) from the Quaker church for marrying outside her faith.
ELECTION #7, 1812. One thing James Madison did in his first term was to give present day American high school students something to giggle about. What I'm talking about is he got Congress to pass the Non-Intercourse Act. This act took the place of the hated Embargo Act. It was much more sensible because it allowed Americans to trade with the whole world (except England and France); thus American merchants found other markets, such as Netherlands, and they prospered.
The CANDIDATES in 1812.
In May, 1812, the Republicans nominated James Madison for a second term. A couple weeks previous to this VP George Clinton had died. So the Republicans turned to Elbridge Gerry, Republican governor of Massachusetts to be Madison's vice-presidential running mate. Gerry had gained fame by his energetic and slick redistricting of Federalist voting areas in Massachusetts so the Republicans could get more seats in Congress and the state legislature. In fact, his name is part of our vocabulary in 2012 - when congressional and state districts are slickly maneuvered today to favor one party over another we call it GERRYMANDERING.
The Federalists were nearing the end as a political party. In fact, they didn't even nominate a Federalist for president. In August, 1812, they met in great secrecy and decided to throw their support to DeWitt Clinton, a Republican, and the mayor of New York City. They liked Clinton because he was a relentless enemy of James Madison. With a possible war looming with England (war against England was declared om June 18, 1812) they felt he would appeal as an anti-war candidate and that, as a New Yorker, he would appeal to New England Republicans who were sick of all these Virginians being president (Washington, Jefferson, and Madison).
The CAMPAIGN IN 1812.
The campaign was not an exciting one. Clinton tried to sound like the anti-war candidate. His Federalist supporters called Madison "a base wretch,,,who is for war with England." But since many people supported the war with England it did not work.
The WINNER was James Madison.
There were now 18 states - the electoral vote was 128 for Madison and 89 for Clinton. We were at war with England when the electoral votes were counted - throughout our history a "war president" has never been voted out of office.
ELECTION #7, 1812. One thing James Madison did in his first term was to give present day American high school students something to giggle about. What I'm talking about is he got Congress to pass the Non-Intercourse Act. This act took the place of the hated Embargo Act. It was much more sensible because it allowed Americans to trade with the whole world (except England and France); thus American merchants found other markets, such as Netherlands, and they prospered.
The CANDIDATES in 1812.
In May, 1812, the Republicans nominated James Madison for a second term. A couple weeks previous to this VP George Clinton had died. So the Republicans turned to Elbridge Gerry, Republican governor of Massachusetts to be Madison's vice-presidential running mate. Gerry had gained fame by his energetic and slick redistricting of Federalist voting areas in Massachusetts so the Republicans could get more seats in Congress and the state legislature. In fact, his name is part of our vocabulary in 2012 - when congressional and state districts are slickly maneuvered today to favor one party over another we call it GERRYMANDERING.
The Federalists were nearing the end as a political party. In fact, they didn't even nominate a Federalist for president. In August, 1812, they met in great secrecy and decided to throw their support to DeWitt Clinton, a Republican, and the mayor of New York City. They liked Clinton because he was a relentless enemy of James Madison. With a possible war looming with England (war against England was declared om June 18, 1812) they felt he would appeal as an anti-war candidate and that, as a New Yorker, he would appeal to New England Republicans who were sick of all these Virginians being president (Washington, Jefferson, and Madison).
The CAMPAIGN IN 1812.
The campaign was not an exciting one. Clinton tried to sound like the anti-war candidate. His Federalist supporters called Madison "a base wretch,,,who is for war with England." But since many people supported the war with England it did not work.
The WINNER was James Madison.
There were now 18 states - the electoral vote was 128 for Madison and 89 for Clinton. We were at war with England when the electoral votes were counted - throughout our history a "war president" has never been voted out of office.
Monday, October 31, 2011
ELECTION #6, 1808. The NASTY-METER stays at 2.
QUOTE from James Madison: "In republics, the great danger is, that the majority may not sufficienty respect the rights of the minority."
ELECTION #6, 1808. Thomas Jefferson's second term was not as smooth as his first term. The main problem was the hostilities between the British and the French. The British were attacking American ships and forcing American seamen to join the British navy. To get even with Britain Jefferson persuaded Congress to pass the Embargo Act which forbade Americans from doing any trade with Britain and France and all the other European countries.
All the Emgargo Act did was cause economic problems for American farmers and New England merchants. They could no longer sell their products to any country in Europe. It ticked people off and Jefferson, instead of being a shining hero, was called "an infernal villain" by one newspaper.
So Jefferson knew when to hang it up and leave the public stage. He said he was going to retire to "my family, my books, and farms."
The CANDIDATES IN 1808.
Jefferson recommended his friend and secretary of state, James Madison, to be the Republican candidate for president. Vice-president George Clinton would remain on the ticket. Madison did not have an impressive appearance. He was only 5'4" and weighed less than 100 pounds and people called him "Little Jemmy." He didn't like to make eye contact and his expression was generally dour - some say he looked like he had just bitten into a sour lemon. However he was extremely bright and had a good grasp of the problems facing the U.S. And he had another ace-in-the-hole that the previous three president never had - that ace was his wife, Dolly. She was seventeen years younger but she was beautiful and vivacious, the Jackie Kennedy of her day.
The Federalists brought back Charles Pinckney and Rufus King, the same two they ran in 1804. They were both unexciting and dull and proved no match for Madison and Clinton. It was time for the Federalists to get some new blood in their party.
The CAMPAIGN
The Embargo Act had put Madison at a disadvantage because so many people were upset by it. But with a possible war against Britain on the horizon the Electoral College went big for Madison.
The WINNER was James Madison.
Madison received 122 electoral votes and Pinckney got 47. And Jefferson gave Madison a nice gift just before he took office on March 4, 1809. On March 1 Jefferson signed a bill repealing the Embargo Act.
ELECTION #6, 1808. Thomas Jefferson's second term was not as smooth as his first term. The main problem was the hostilities between the British and the French. The British were attacking American ships and forcing American seamen to join the British navy. To get even with Britain Jefferson persuaded Congress to pass the Embargo Act which forbade Americans from doing any trade with Britain and France and all the other European countries.
All the Emgargo Act did was cause economic problems for American farmers and New England merchants. They could no longer sell their products to any country in Europe. It ticked people off and Jefferson, instead of being a shining hero, was called "an infernal villain" by one newspaper.
So Jefferson knew when to hang it up and leave the public stage. He said he was going to retire to "my family, my books, and farms."
The CANDIDATES IN 1808.
Jefferson recommended his friend and secretary of state, James Madison, to be the Republican candidate for president. Vice-president George Clinton would remain on the ticket. Madison did not have an impressive appearance. He was only 5'4" and weighed less than 100 pounds and people called him "Little Jemmy." He didn't like to make eye contact and his expression was generally dour - some say he looked like he had just bitten into a sour lemon. However he was extremely bright and had a good grasp of the problems facing the U.S. And he had another ace-in-the-hole that the previous three president never had - that ace was his wife, Dolly. She was seventeen years younger but she was beautiful and vivacious, the Jackie Kennedy of her day.
The Federalists brought back Charles Pinckney and Rufus King, the same two they ran in 1804. They were both unexciting and dull and proved no match for Madison and Clinton. It was time for the Federalists to get some new blood in their party.
The CAMPAIGN
The Embargo Act had put Madison at a disadvantage because so many people were upset by it. But with a possible war against Britain on the horizon the Electoral College went big for Madison.
The WINNER was James Madison.
Madison received 122 electoral votes and Pinckney got 47. And Jefferson gave Madison a nice gift just before he took office on March 4, 1809. On March 1 Jefferson signed a bill repealing the Embargo Act.
Thursday, October 27, 2011
ELECTION #5, 1804 - the NASTY METER goes down to 2.
QUOTE from a Federalist pamphlet blasting Thomas Jefferson in the 1800 campaign: Jefferson is a mean-spirited, low-lived fellow, the son of a half-breed squaw, sired by a Virginia mulatto father."
ELECTION #5, 1804. Thomas Jefferson is re-elected president in a landslide. The NASTY-METER goes down to 2.
The election of 1804 was a snoozer because Jefferson had been a skilled middle-of-the-road president in his first term. Despite Federalist howls, Jefferson did not turn the country into an atheistic society, instigate a bloodbath as had happened in France, or abandon the New England merchants.
He had made some popular decisions in his first term - the most popular was the Louisiana Purchase which doubled the size of the U.S. He bought it for a mere $15 million which amounted to three cents an acre. Now that's what I'd call a bargain.
The CANDIDATES in 1804.
On February 25, 1804, the U.S. saw the first official nominating caucus by a political party. Republican congressmen met and re-nominated Jefferson for a second term. They picked New York Governor George Clinton for his vice-presidential running mate.
The Federalists picked Charles C. Pinckney (Adam's 1800 running mate)as their presidential candidate. Pinckney was a large man, respected by both parties, but he was half-deaf, and not what you would call an exciting human being. The Federalists picked N.Y. Senator Rufus King as his running mate.
The CAMPAIGN
Everyone could see that Jefferson and the Republicans had a lock on winning the election. But the Federalists tried their best to smear Jefferson with the usual slurs - he was an atheist, he had affairs with his slaves, and so on.
The WINNER was Thomas Jefferson
In 1804 there was still no voting by the people so again it was just the electoral votes. It was no contest as Jefferson got 162 votes to only 14 for Pinckney. Jefferson carried all the states except Connecticut and Delaware.
ELECTION #5, 1804. Thomas Jefferson is re-elected president in a landslide. The NASTY-METER goes down to 2.
The election of 1804 was a snoozer because Jefferson had been a skilled middle-of-the-road president in his first term. Despite Federalist howls, Jefferson did not turn the country into an atheistic society, instigate a bloodbath as had happened in France, or abandon the New England merchants.
He had made some popular decisions in his first term - the most popular was the Louisiana Purchase which doubled the size of the U.S. He bought it for a mere $15 million which amounted to three cents an acre. Now that's what I'd call a bargain.
The CANDIDATES in 1804.
On February 25, 1804, the U.S. saw the first official nominating caucus by a political party. Republican congressmen met and re-nominated Jefferson for a second term. They picked New York Governor George Clinton for his vice-presidential running mate.
The Federalists picked Charles C. Pinckney (Adam's 1800 running mate)as their presidential candidate. Pinckney was a large man, respected by both parties, but he was half-deaf, and not what you would call an exciting human being. The Federalists picked N.Y. Senator Rufus King as his running mate.
The CAMPAIGN
Everyone could see that Jefferson and the Republicans had a lock on winning the election. But the Federalists tried their best to smear Jefferson with the usual slurs - he was an atheist, he had affairs with his slaves, and so on.
The WINNER was Thomas Jefferson
In 1804 there was still no voting by the people so again it was just the electoral votes. It was no contest as Jefferson got 162 votes to only 14 for Pinckney. Jefferson carried all the states except Connecticut and Delaware.
Monday, October 24, 2011
ELECTION #4, 1800 - the NASTY-METER skyrockets to 10.
QUOTE from John Dawson, Republican Congressman, Virginia: "The Republic is safe....the Federalist party is in rage and despair."
ELECION #4, 1800. Thomas Jefferson is elected our nation's third president. The NASTY-METER skyrockets to 10.
In 1800 America had its first presidential free-for-all. Forget most of the really nasty elections we've experienced in our lifetime. In 1800. John Adams, the Federalist, vs Thomas Jefferson, the Republican, (or often
called the Democratic-Republican but I'll continue to only use Republican), can be ranked as one of the top five dirtiest and nastiest elections of all time - and all because of two reasons:
One: It is hard to think of two parties who hated each other more than John Adam's Federalists and Thomas Jefferson's Republicans.
Two: For the first and last time in our history, a president was running against his own vice president.
The CANDIDATES in 1800.
FEDERALIST: John Adams. There were two things that Adams did as president from 1797 to 1801 that caused him major headaches in the election of 1800. The first was trying to find a way to keep peace with Britain and France. France and Britain were at war and the U.S. was caught in a no-win situation with both of them. So he upset the Republicans and his own Federalists the way he handled things. He was called a warmonger by the Republicans and an appeasser by his own Federalists. Adams simply could not win.
Even bigger than the issue with France and Britain was Adams signing into law the Alien and Sedition Act of 1798. Under this Sedition Act, anyone who criticized or sought to undermine the U.S. government could be fined or thrown in jail, and many people were. Jefferson's Republicans reviled the law as a violation of the First Amendment guarantee of free speech. People weren't even safe in their neighborhood bar - one drunk in a New Jersey tavern was arrested and fined for saying that President Adams had a "big ass."
Many Federalists were not pleased with their president but they felt he was the only cadidate they had. The Federalists picked General Charles Pinckney, a Southern diplomt to be Adams running mate.
REPUBLICAN: Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson had spent most of his four years as vice-president keeping a safe distance between himself and his boss. The troubles Adams had with France and Britain and the Sedition Act did not stick to Jefferson so he was in a good position to run against his old boss. The Republicans chose Aaron Burr to be Jefferson's running mate.
The CAMPAIGN
In 1796 the campaign lasted about 100 days. In 1800 the campaign started over a year before the election. (something like the present day, only we're worse than a year.) And it was nasty and vicious.
The Republican Jefferson made his first blasts against his boss by hiring a writer named James Callender. He was a real pro at using the english language to verbally assassinate anybody. He wrote that Adams was a "gross hypocrite," "a repulsive pedant," (a pedant is a boring speaker who says nothing of importance) and a "hideous hermaphroditical character which has neither the force and firmness of a man, nor the gentleness and sensibility of a woman." (a hermaphrodite is a person, animal, or plant, having the reproductive organs of both sexes). It was no surprise that Callender spent nine months in jail. The Republicans now had a convenient martyr.
The Federalists fired back. They spread rumors that Jefferson had swindled his legal clients, that he was a godless atheist from whom one had to hide one's Bibles, that he had been a coward during the Revolutionary War, and that he slept with slaves while at home in Monticello.
BOTH PARTIES threw picnics and barbecues, where they plied voters with huge amounts of alcohol. At a Republican dinner in Lancaster, Penn., everyone drank sixteen toasts - one for each state of the Union - before tying into a half ton of beef and pork.
THE WINNER (eventually) THOMAS JEFFERSON
Election Day was December 3, and the electors met in their respective state capitals to cast their votes. The votes weren't officially counted until early February. The official vote was a tie between Jefferson and his running mate Aaron Burr - they each got 73 votes. John Adams got 65.
What happened was all 73 Republican electors voted for Jefferson and Burr which is why they each got 73. All that would have had to happen was for one Republican elector to vote for another candidate and the final tally would have been Jefferson 73 and Burr 72 or vice-versa. Jefferson would be president and Burr would be vice-president, or vice-versa.
But the tie meant that the House of Representatives had to break the tie.
One problem was that the House was controlled by the Federalists and Jefferson and Burr were Republicans. The rules stated that each state got one vote - the winner needed to get 9 of the 16 votes. Over the course of six days there were 36 ballots taken. On the first 35 ballots it was 8 for Jefferson, 6 for Burr, and 2 undecided - NO WINNER.
Then there was some backroom wheeling and dealing. The Federalista wooed Burr, but he wouldn't agree to their demands even if it meant he would be president. On February 17, Federalist Congressmen from Delaware, Maryland, Vermont, and South Carolina abstained from voting which resulted in Jefferson winning 10 states and the presidency - Burr got the second most votes and became vice-president.
Historians believe Jefferson cut a deal with the Federalists but he denied he ever did. However, his actions as president lead many historians to believe a deal did occur because he kept the Bank of the U.S. (which was set up by the Federalist Hamilton), and he kept many Federalists in office.
THE FEDERALISTS AND REPUBLICANS FINALLY FIND SOMETHING THEY AGREE ON.
As a result of the 1800 election the Federalists and Republicans finally found something they could agree on. They agreed that another election like that of 1800 had to be avoided if at all possible. So Congress passed a resolution on December 9, 1803, for a constitutional amendment stating that electors would henceforth vote SEPARATELY for president and vice-president, rather than allowing the top two vote-getters to take all. By September 24, 1804 over three fourths of the 16 state legislatures (14 0f 16) had ratified the resolution. It became the 12th Amendment to our Constitution.
This is good for a laugh!!!! Even though John Adams and Alexander Hamilton were both Federalists they hated each other. John Adams had this to say about Hamilton. Hamilton was born illegitimate and Adams didn't let him forget it. On various occasions, Adams referred to Hamilton as "a Creole bastard," "the bastard brat of a Scotch peddler," and "a man devoid of every Moral principle - a bastard."
ELECION #4, 1800. Thomas Jefferson is elected our nation's third president. The NASTY-METER skyrockets to 10.
In 1800 America had its first presidential free-for-all. Forget most of the really nasty elections we've experienced in our lifetime. In 1800. John Adams, the Federalist, vs Thomas Jefferson, the Republican, (or often
called the Democratic-Republican but I'll continue to only use Republican), can be ranked as one of the top five dirtiest and nastiest elections of all time - and all because of two reasons:
One: It is hard to think of two parties who hated each other more than John Adam's Federalists and Thomas Jefferson's Republicans.
Two: For the first and last time in our history, a president was running against his own vice president.
The CANDIDATES in 1800.
FEDERALIST: John Adams. There were two things that Adams did as president from 1797 to 1801 that caused him major headaches in the election of 1800. The first was trying to find a way to keep peace with Britain and France. France and Britain were at war and the U.S. was caught in a no-win situation with both of them. So he upset the Republicans and his own Federalists the way he handled things. He was called a warmonger by the Republicans and an appeasser by his own Federalists. Adams simply could not win.
Even bigger than the issue with France and Britain was Adams signing into law the Alien and Sedition Act of 1798. Under this Sedition Act, anyone who criticized or sought to undermine the U.S. government could be fined or thrown in jail, and many people were. Jefferson's Republicans reviled the law as a violation of the First Amendment guarantee of free speech. People weren't even safe in their neighborhood bar - one drunk in a New Jersey tavern was arrested and fined for saying that President Adams had a "big ass."
Many Federalists were not pleased with their president but they felt he was the only cadidate they had. The Federalists picked General Charles Pinckney, a Southern diplomt to be Adams running mate.
REPUBLICAN: Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson had spent most of his four years as vice-president keeping a safe distance between himself and his boss. The troubles Adams had with France and Britain and the Sedition Act did not stick to Jefferson so he was in a good position to run against his old boss. The Republicans chose Aaron Burr to be Jefferson's running mate.
The CAMPAIGN
In 1796 the campaign lasted about 100 days. In 1800 the campaign started over a year before the election. (something like the present day, only we're worse than a year.) And it was nasty and vicious.
The Republican Jefferson made his first blasts against his boss by hiring a writer named James Callender. He was a real pro at using the english language to verbally assassinate anybody. He wrote that Adams was a "gross hypocrite," "a repulsive pedant," (a pedant is a boring speaker who says nothing of importance) and a "hideous hermaphroditical character which has neither the force and firmness of a man, nor the gentleness and sensibility of a woman." (a hermaphrodite is a person, animal, or plant, having the reproductive organs of both sexes). It was no surprise that Callender spent nine months in jail. The Republicans now had a convenient martyr.
The Federalists fired back. They spread rumors that Jefferson had swindled his legal clients, that he was a godless atheist from whom one had to hide one's Bibles, that he had been a coward during the Revolutionary War, and that he slept with slaves while at home in Monticello.
BOTH PARTIES threw picnics and barbecues, where they plied voters with huge amounts of alcohol. At a Republican dinner in Lancaster, Penn., everyone drank sixteen toasts - one for each state of the Union - before tying into a half ton of beef and pork.
THE WINNER (eventually) THOMAS JEFFERSON
Election Day was December 3, and the electors met in their respective state capitals to cast their votes. The votes weren't officially counted until early February. The official vote was a tie between Jefferson and his running mate Aaron Burr - they each got 73 votes. John Adams got 65.
What happened was all 73 Republican electors voted for Jefferson and Burr which is why they each got 73. All that would have had to happen was for one Republican elector to vote for another candidate and the final tally would have been Jefferson 73 and Burr 72 or vice-versa. Jefferson would be president and Burr would be vice-president, or vice-versa.
But the tie meant that the House of Representatives had to break the tie.
One problem was that the House was controlled by the Federalists and Jefferson and Burr were Republicans. The rules stated that each state got one vote - the winner needed to get 9 of the 16 votes. Over the course of six days there were 36 ballots taken. On the first 35 ballots it was 8 for Jefferson, 6 for Burr, and 2 undecided - NO WINNER.
Then there was some backroom wheeling and dealing. The Federalista wooed Burr, but he wouldn't agree to their demands even if it meant he would be president. On February 17, Federalist Congressmen from Delaware, Maryland, Vermont, and South Carolina abstained from voting which resulted in Jefferson winning 10 states and the presidency - Burr got the second most votes and became vice-president.
Historians believe Jefferson cut a deal with the Federalists but he denied he ever did. However, his actions as president lead many historians to believe a deal did occur because he kept the Bank of the U.S. (which was set up by the Federalist Hamilton), and he kept many Federalists in office.
THE FEDERALISTS AND REPUBLICANS FINALLY FIND SOMETHING THEY AGREE ON.
As a result of the 1800 election the Federalists and Republicans finally found something they could agree on. They agreed that another election like that of 1800 had to be avoided if at all possible. So Congress passed a resolution on December 9, 1803, for a constitutional amendment stating that electors would henceforth vote SEPARATELY for president and vice-president, rather than allowing the top two vote-getters to take all. By September 24, 1804 over three fourths of the 16 state legislatures (14 0f 16) had ratified the resolution. It became the 12th Amendment to our Constitution.
This is good for a laugh!!!! Even though John Adams and Alexander Hamilton were both Federalists they hated each other. John Adams had this to say about Hamilton. Hamilton was born illegitimate and Adams didn't let him forget it. On various occasions, Adams referred to Hamilton as "a Creole bastard," "the bastard brat of a Scotch peddler," and "a man devoid of every Moral principle - a bastard."
Friday, October 21, 2011
Election #3, 1796 - the NASTY-METER rises to 3.
QUOTE from Thomas Jefferson, in an unsent letter to John Adams: "(I pray), that your administration may be filled with glory and happiness."
ELECTION #3, 1796. John Adams is elected our nation's second president. The NASTY-METER rises to 3.
By 1796 the honeymoon was over for George Washington. He was now receiving some pretty harsh criticism. When he put down the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794 in western Pennsylvanis the Republicans began calling George a tyrant and a dictator. When he signed a treaty with England in 1795 the Republicans howled that it was a cop-out to Federalist "monarchist" tendencies and supposed desire to return America to England. On September 19, 1796 Washington published his "Farewell Address," in which he warned against divisive political parties. This was all to no avail - as soon as the farewell was released, hungry politicians began scheming to fill Washington's shoes. Thomas Jefferson took a shot at his old buddy and Revolutionary comrade: "The president is fortunate to get off just as the bubble is bursting, leaving others to hold the bag."
The CANDIDATES IN 1796.
JOHN ADAMS was the Federalist candidate. Adams really wanted to be president. "Hi! Ho! Oh. Dear!" he gaily started off one letter to his wife, Abigail, when it became apparent that Washington would not seek a third term.
THOMAS JEFFERSON was the Republican candidate. In 1793 Jefferson left his job as secretary of state and went back to Monticello. Even though Jefferson had said "life in politics was a game and a useless waste of time" it was clear to everyone where his ambitions lay.
There were no nominating conventions in 1796. So the reality was that prominent members of each party decided on the candidates and then tried to convince their fellow members to follow suit. The nasty-meter went up substantially in 1796 through the use of handbills, pamphlets, and articles in Federalist and Republican journals and newspapers. In some ways it is interesting to know that character assassination has been part of our political campaigns since the 1790s - it is not something that started in the 20th century. The following will illustrate what I'm talking about.
- The Jefferson Republicans went after John Adams in a big way. They went after his throat - or rather, the tummy - by referring to the chubby Adam's "sesquipedality of belly." (This meant, literally, that his stomach was 18 inches long.) And they said Adams was "champion of kings, ranks, and titles." In addition they called Adams bizarre nicknames such as "Monoman" and "Angloman." They also said that if Adams was elected hereditary succession would be foisted upon America in the form of his son, John Quincy.
The Adams supporters (Federalists) got their shots in also. They cited Jefferson for his "atheistic" tendencies and his love of the French Revolution, especially the bloody, screaming mobs. His Republican followers were referred to as "cut-throats who walk in rags and sleep amidst filth and vermin." Federalists also smeared Jefferson as a "philosopher" and a "visionary " who would be "more fit to be a professor in a college ... but certainly not first magistrate of a great nation." And to make sure people got the message he was called an anarchist and a Francomaniac.
One other aspect of the 1796 election was the first attempt to balance the ticket by the judicious selection of a vice-presidential candidate. The Federalists chose southern diplomat Thomas Pinckney to go with New
Englander John Adams. The Republicans paired Jefferson,a Virginian, with Aaron Burr, the up-and-coming New York lawyer.
THE WINNER: JOHN ADAMS
The electors voted in their respective state capitals on the first Wednesday of December, 1796. The ballots were not supposed to be opened until February, 1797, when both houses of Congress were in session. But by the middle of December, the cat was out of the bag and everyone knew that John Adams had squeaked into the presidency, 71 votes to 68 for Jefferson.
Adams was president but Jefferson, with the second most votes, was his vice-president. Jefferson was of the opposite party plus they didn't like each other. Over the next four years, this would mean nothing but trouble. (It would be like Barack Obama being president and John McCain vice-president.)
Of all the good decisions the Founding Fathers made in writing the Constitution the idea of the #1 and #2 electoral vote getters being president and vice-president was a huge mistake. The biggest error in their judgment was they did not forsee the formation of political parties. Political parties made it impossible for the #1 and #2 electoral vote getters to get along and govern effectively.
ELECTION #3, 1796. John Adams is elected our nation's second president. The NASTY-METER rises to 3.
By 1796 the honeymoon was over for George Washington. He was now receiving some pretty harsh criticism. When he put down the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794 in western Pennsylvanis the Republicans began calling George a tyrant and a dictator. When he signed a treaty with England in 1795 the Republicans howled that it was a cop-out to Federalist "monarchist" tendencies and supposed desire to return America to England. On September 19, 1796 Washington published his "Farewell Address," in which he warned against divisive political parties. This was all to no avail - as soon as the farewell was released, hungry politicians began scheming to fill Washington's shoes. Thomas Jefferson took a shot at his old buddy and Revolutionary comrade: "The president is fortunate to get off just as the bubble is bursting, leaving others to hold the bag."
The CANDIDATES IN 1796.
JOHN ADAMS was the Federalist candidate. Adams really wanted to be president. "Hi! Ho! Oh. Dear!" he gaily started off one letter to his wife, Abigail, when it became apparent that Washington would not seek a third term.
THOMAS JEFFERSON was the Republican candidate. In 1793 Jefferson left his job as secretary of state and went back to Monticello. Even though Jefferson had said "life in politics was a game and a useless waste of time" it was clear to everyone where his ambitions lay.
There were no nominating conventions in 1796. So the reality was that prominent members of each party decided on the candidates and then tried to convince their fellow members to follow suit. The nasty-meter went up substantially in 1796 through the use of handbills, pamphlets, and articles in Federalist and Republican journals and newspapers. In some ways it is interesting to know that character assassination has been part of our political campaigns since the 1790s - it is not something that started in the 20th century. The following will illustrate what I'm talking about.
- The Jefferson Republicans went after John Adams in a big way. They went after his throat - or rather, the tummy - by referring to the chubby Adam's "sesquipedality of belly." (This meant, literally, that his stomach was 18 inches long.) And they said Adams was "champion of kings, ranks, and titles." In addition they called Adams bizarre nicknames such as "Monoman" and "Angloman." They also said that if Adams was elected hereditary succession would be foisted upon America in the form of his son, John Quincy.
The Adams supporters (Federalists) got their shots in also. They cited Jefferson for his "atheistic" tendencies and his love of the French Revolution, especially the bloody, screaming mobs. His Republican followers were referred to as "cut-throats who walk in rags and sleep amidst filth and vermin." Federalists also smeared Jefferson as a "philosopher" and a "visionary " who would be "more fit to be a professor in a college ... but certainly not first magistrate of a great nation." And to make sure people got the message he was called an anarchist and a Francomaniac.
One other aspect of the 1796 election was the first attempt to balance the ticket by the judicious selection of a vice-presidential candidate. The Federalists chose southern diplomat Thomas Pinckney to go with New
Englander John Adams. The Republicans paired Jefferson,a Virginian, with Aaron Burr, the up-and-coming New York lawyer.
THE WINNER: JOHN ADAMS
The electors voted in their respective state capitals on the first Wednesday of December, 1796. The ballots were not supposed to be opened until February, 1797, when both houses of Congress were in session. But by the middle of December, the cat was out of the bag and everyone knew that John Adams had squeaked into the presidency, 71 votes to 68 for Jefferson.
Adams was president but Jefferson, with the second most votes, was his vice-president. Jefferson was of the opposite party plus they didn't like each other. Over the next four years, this would mean nothing but trouble. (It would be like Barack Obama being president and John McCain vice-president.)
Of all the good decisions the Founding Fathers made in writing the Constitution the idea of the #1 and #2 electoral vote getters being president and vice-president was a huge mistake. The biggest error in their judgment was they did not forsee the formation of political parties. Political parties made it impossible for the #1 and #2 electoral vote getters to get along and govern effectively.
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